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Chris Columbus: Astrological Article and Chart

You will find below the horoscope of Chris Columbus with his interactive chart, an excerpt of his astrological portrait and his planetary dominants.

Chris Columbus
Date of birth
Wednesday, September 10, 1958 (time unknown)
City of birth
Spangler (PA) (United States)
Virgo
Leo
Scorpio
Signs
Mercury
Neptune
Pluto
Planets
Earth
Fire
Elements
Chinese astrological sign
Earth Dog
6
Birth Path
Height
5' 8½" (1m74) tall
Views
12,922

This chart is arbitrarily calculated for noon. If you know the time of birth of Chris Columbus, please send us your information with your source, at stars@astrotheme.com. To thank you, we shall be glad to send you the portrait (34 pages) of this celebrity, on demand.

Horoscopes having the same aspect Venus sextile Jupiter (orb 0°51'): Marilyn Monroe, Keanu Reeves, Alain Delon, Alexander the Great, Jada Pinkett Smith, Winston Churchill, George Michael, Adriana Karembeu, Edith Piaf... Find all the celebrities having this aspect.

Horoscopes having the same aspect Mercury sextile Jupiter (orb 1°00'): Megan Fox, Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, Sigmund Freud, Kylie Minogue, Brigitte Macron, Novak Djokovic, Grimes (musician), Tim Burton, Ava Gardner... Find all the celebrities having this aspect.

Celebrities born the same day: Colin Firth, Karl Lagerfeld, Ryan Phillippe, Jack Ma, Guy Ritchie, Michèle Alliot-Marie, Bill O'Reilly, Neale Donald Walsch, Joe Perry... List of all the celebrities born on September 10.

Horoscopes having the Moon in 9° Leo : Tom Hanks, France Gall, Marie Trintignant, Hrithik Roshan, Chelsea Clinton, Neil Gaiman, Lata Mangeshkar, Prince Louis of Cambridge, Katey Sagal... List of all the celebrities having the Moon in 9° Leo.

Astrology DataBase on November 22, 2024 at 7:15 PM, CEST
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Horoscope and chart of Chris Columbus

Astrology chart of Chris Columbus Horoscope and birth chart of Chris Columbus, born September 10, 1958 (time unknown), Spangler (PA) (United States) 22° 47' 37' 53' 19° 21' 16° 56' 26° 47' 27' 14° 10' 29° 37' 28' 33' 17° 28'
Select an object to display more information
Aries
Taurus
Gemini
Cancer
Leo
Virgo
Libra
Scorpio
Sagittarius
Capricorn
Aquarius
Pisces
Sun 17°28' Virgo
Sun Aspects
Sun conjunction Midheaven orb 3°15'
Sun square Saturn orb 1°52'
Sun quintile Ascendant orb 0°03'
Sun semi-square Neptune orb 0°24'
Moon 9°27' Leo
Moon Aspects
Moon conjunction Uranus orb 4°42'
Moon square Neptune orb 6°34'
Moon quintile Mars orb 0°40'
Mercury 29°37' Leo
Mercury Aspects
Mercury conjunction Pluto orb 2°56'
Mercury conjunction Venus orb 1°51'
Mercury square Ascendant orb 0°11'
Mercury sextile Jupiter orb 1°00'
Mercury square Mars orb 2°49'
Mercury sextile Neptune orb 3°16'
Venus 1°28' Virgo
Venus Aspects
Venus conjunction Pluto orb 1°05'
Mercury conjunction Venus orb 1°51'
Venus square Ascendant orb 2°02'
Venus sextile Jupiter orb 0°51'
Venus sextile Neptune orb 1°25'
Venus square Mars orb 4°40'
Mars 26°47' Taurus
Mars Aspects
Mars opposite Ascendant orb 2°38'
Mercury square Mars orb 2°49'
Venus square Mars orb 4°40'
Mars square Pluto orb 5°46'
Moon quintile Mars orb 0°40'
Jupiter 0°37' Scorpio
Jupiter Aspects
Jupiter conjunction Neptune orb 2°16'
Mercury sextile Jupiter orb 1°00'
Venus sextile Jupiter orb 0°51'
Jupiter sextile Pluto orb 1°56'
Jupiter semi-sextile Ascendant orb 1°11'
Jupiter semi-square Midheaven orb 1°24'
Saturn 19°21' Sagittarius
Saturn Aspects
Sun square Saturn orb 1°52'
Saturn square Midheaven orb 5°08'
Saturn trine Uranus orb 5°11'
Saturn semi-square Neptune orb 1°28'
Uranus 14°10' Leo
Uranus Aspects
Moon conjunction Uranus orb 4°42'
Saturn trine Uranus orb 5°11'
Uranus semi-sextile Midheaven orb 0°02'
Neptune 2°53' Scorpio
Neptune Aspects
Jupiter conjunction Neptune orb 2°16'
Neptune sextile Pluto orb 0°19'
Sun semi-square Neptune orb 0°24'
Venus sextile Neptune orb 1°25'
Mercury sextile Neptune orb 3°16'
Moon square Neptune orb 6°34'
Saturn semi-square Neptune orb 1°28'
Pluto 2°33' Virgo
Pluto Aspects
Mercury conjunction Pluto orb 2°56'
Venus conjunction Pluto orb 1°05'
Pluto square Ascendant orb 3°08'
Neptune sextile Pluto orb 0°19'
Jupiter sextile Pluto orb 1°56'
Mars square Pluto orb 5°46'
North Node 22°47' Я Libra
Lilith 16°56' Я Aries
Display Parameters
Calculation Parameters

Biography of Chris Columbus (excerpt)

Chris Columbus (born September 10, 1958, Spangler, Pennsylvania) is an American filmmaker.

Film career

Start in the industry
Columbus graduated from John F. Kennedy High School in Warren, Ohio. After that he attended New York University's film school at the Tisch School of the Arts. There he was a schoolmate of Charlie Kaufman.

After finishing film school, Columbus started in the industry as a screenwriter with Steven Spielberg's Amblin Productions, working on Gremlins (1984), The Goonies (1985) and Young Sherlock Holmes (1985). He created and wrote the first episodes of the animated series Galaxy High (1986-87).

Columbus made his directorial debut with the teen comedy Adventures in Babysitting (1987).

Astrological portrait of Chris Columbus (excerpt)

Disclaimer: these short excerpts of astrological charts are computer processed. They are, by no means, of a personal nature. This principle is valid for the celebrities included in our database. These texts provide the meanings of planets, or combination of planets, in signs and in houses, as well as the interpretations of planetary dominants in line with modern Western astrology rules. Moreover, since Astrotheme is not a polemic website, no negative aspect which may damage the good reputation of a celebrity is posted here, unlike in the comprehensive astrological portrait.

Introduction

Here are some character traits from Chris Columbus's birth chart. This description is far from being comprehensive but it can shed light on his/her personality, which is still interesting for professional astrologers or astrology lovers.

N.B.: as this celebrity's birth time is unknown, the chart is arbitrarily calculated for 12:00 PM - the legal time for his/her place of birth; since astrological houses are not taken into account, this astrological profile excerpt is less detailed than those for which the birth time is known.

In a matter of minutes, you can get at your email address your astrological portrait (approximately 32 pages), a much more comprehensive report than this portrait of Chris Columbus.

The dominant planets of Chris Columbus

When interpreting a natal chart, the best method is to start gradually from general features to specific ones. Thus, there is usually a plan to be followed, from the overall analysis of the chart and its structure, to the description of its different character traits.

In the first part, an overall analysis of the chart enables us to figure out the personality's main features and to emphasize several points that are confirmed or not in the detailed analysis: in any case, those general traits are taken into account. Human personality is an infinitely intricate entity and describing it is a complex task. Claiming to rapidly summarize it is illusory, although it does not mean that it is an impossible challenge. It is essential to read a natal chart several times in order to absorb all its different meanings and to grasp all this complexity. But the exercise is worthwhile.

In brief, a natal chart is composed of ten planets: two luminaries, the Sun and the Moon, three fast-moving or individual planets, Mercury, Venus and Mars, two slow-moving planets, Jupiter and Saturn, and three very slow-moving planets, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Additional secondary elements are: the Lunar Nodes, the Dark Moon or Lilith, Chiron and other minor objects. They are all posited on the Zodiac wheel consisting of twelve signs, from Aries to Pisces, and divided into twelve astrological houses.

The first step is to evaluate the importance of each planet. This is what we call identifying the dominant planets. This process obeys rules that depend on the astrologer's sensitivity and experience but it also has precise and steady bases: thus, we can take into account the parameters of a planet's activity (the number of active aspects a planet forms, the importance of each aspect according to its nature and its exactness), angularity parameters; (proximity to the four angles, Ascendant, Midheaven, Descendant and Imum Coeli or Nadir, all of them being evaluated numerically, according to the kind of angle and the planet-angle distance) and quality parameters (rulership, exaltation, exile and fall). Finally, other criteria such as the rulership of the Ascendant and the Midheaven etc. are important.

These different criteria allow a planet to be highlighted and lead to useful conclusions when interpreting the chart.

The overall chart analysis begins with the observation of three sorts of planetary distributions in the chart: Eastern or Western hemisphere, Northern or Southern hemisphere, and quadrants (North-eastern, North-western, South-eastern and South-western). These three distributions give a general tone in terms of introversion and extraversion, willpower, sociability, and behavioural predispositions.

Then, there are three additional distributions: elements (called triplicity since there are three groups of signs for each one) - Fire, Air, Earth and Water - corresponding to a character typology, modality (or quadruplicity with four groups of signs for each one) - Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable - and polarity (Yin and Yang).

There are three types of dominants: dominant planets, dominant signs and dominant houses. The novice thinks astrology means only "to be Aries" or sometimes, for example, "to be Aries Ascendant Virgo". It is actually far more complex. Although the Sun and the Ascendant alone may reveal a large part of the character - approximately a third or a half of your psychological signature, a person is neither "just the Sun" (called the sign) nor just "the first house" (the Ascendant). Thus, a particular planet's influence may be significantly increased; a particular sign or house may contain a group of planets that will bring nuances and sometimes weaken the role of the Ascendant, of the Sun sign etc.

Lastly, there are two other criteria: accentuations (angular, succedent and cadent) which are a classification of astrological houses and types of decanates that are occupied (each sign is divided into three decanates of ten degrees each). They provide some additional informations.

These general character traits must not be taken literally; they are, somehow, preparing for the chart reading. They allow to understand the second part of the analysis, which is more detailed and precise. It focuses on every area of the personality and provides a synthesis of all the above-mentioned parameters according to sound hierarchical rules.

Warning: when the birth time is unknown, which is the case for Chris Columbus, a few paragraphs become irrelevant; distributions in hemispheres and quadrants are meaningless, so are dominant houses and houses' accentuations. Therefore, some chapters are removed from this part.

For all paragraphs, the criteria for valuation are calculated without taking into account angles and rulerships of the Ascendant and of the Midheaven. The methodology retains its validity, but it is less precise without a time of birth.

Elements and Modes for Chris Columbus

The Four Elements for Chris Columbus: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

Like the majority of Earth signs, Chris Columbus, you are efficient, concrete and not too emotional. What matters to you is what you see: you judge the tree by its fruits. Your ideas keep changing, words disappear, but actions and their consequences are visible and remain. Express your sensitivity, even if it means revealing your vulnerability. Emotions, energy and communication must not be neglected; concrete action is meaningless if it is not justified by your heart, your intellect or your enthusiasm.

Chris Columbus, Fire is dominant in your natal chart and endows you with intuition, energy, courage, self-confidence, and enthusiasm! You are inclined to be passionate, you assert your willpower, you move forward, and come hell or high water, you achieve your dreams and your goals. The relative weakness of this element is the difficulty to step back or a kind of boldness that may prompt you to do foolish things.

Air is under-represented in your natal chart, with only 0.00% instead of the average 25%. Air symbolizes the values of communication, exchanges with others, but also adaptability and flexibility abilities: if you don't get out of your cocoon to talk, to show interest in others, and to socialize, you may have problems understanding others. Because of your lack of flexibility or of your refusal to adapt yourself, you may be suddenly overwhelmed by events. You should get into the habit of talking, of phoning, and of thinking in terms of "mobility, flexibility, adaptability, change" in every circumstance. It will spare you so many troubles!

The twelve zodiacal signs are split up into three groups or modes, called quadruplicities, a learned word meaning only that these three groups include four signs. The Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable modes are more or less represented in your natal chart, depending on planets' positions and importance, and on angles in the twelve signs.

The Three Modes for Chris Columbus: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

The Fixed mode corresponds to a majority of elements in your chart, Chris Columbus, and represents the desire for security and durability: you are able to concretely appreciate a situation and its stability. You definitely prefer to play the role of a loyal, obstinate and hard-working person, rather than to try new and risky experiences - beware, however, not to confuse obstinacy with intransigence. You structure, cement, and strengthen everything you find on your way: it is your nature, although you are not especially interested in swiftness: slow and steady...

Dominants: Planets, Signs and Houses for Chris Columbus

The issue of dominant planets has existed since the mists of time in astrology: how nice it would be if a person could be described with a few words and one or several planets that would represent their character, without having to analyse such elements as rulerships, angularities, houses, etc!

The ten planets - the Sun throughout Pluto - are a bit like ten characters in a role-play, each one has its own personality, its own way of acting, its own strengths and weaknesses. They actually represent a classification into ten distinct personalities, and astrologers have always tried to associate one or several dominant planets to a natal chart as well as dominant signs and houses.

Indeed, it is quite the same situation with signs and houses. If planets symbolize characters, signs represent hues - the mental, emotional and physical structures of an individual. The sign in which a planet is posited is like a character whose features are modified according to the place where he lives. In a chart, there are usually one, two or three highlighted signs that allow to rapidly describe its owner.

Regarding astrological houses, the principle is even simpler: the twelve houses correspond to twelve fields of life, and planets tenanting any given house increase that house's importance and highlight all relevant life departments: it may be marriage, work, friendship etc.

In your natal chart, Chris Columbus, the ten main planets are distributed as follows:

Dominant Planets for Chris Columbus: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

The three most important planets in your chart are Mercury, Neptune and Pluto.

With Mercury among your dominant planets, you are certainly cerebral, nervous, swift, curious, quick-witted, and you love to communicate. Your psychological pattern is intellectual, all the more so since Mercury is important, with its whole set of assets but also of weaknesses, obviously.

Your sensitivity, emotions, and heart's impulses give precedence to thinking, which can lead people to believe that you are a playful and witty but heartless person, intellectualizing situations and juggling with words and numbers whilst ignoring human aspects of things. Of course, it is said that cats always land on their feet - this is your Mercurian strength and your trump card!

Your weakness lies in your nervousness, and you may miss your goal because of your "over-intellectualization" that may be detrimental to other kind of energies such as instinct, spontaneity, heart, sensitivity, etc.

With Neptune as one of your three dominant planets, you are a secretive and ambiguous person, often confused or unclear about your own motivations! Indeed, you are endowed with unlimited imagination and inspiration, as well as with an extreme sensibility that may turn you into a psychic or a clairvoyant. On the other hand, your impressionability is such that you may have difficulties in separating what is concrete and solid from illusions or dreams.

A mystic, a visionary or a poet, you daydream, like any Neptunian, and you see what few people only can see, all of this being shrouded in aesthetic mists when you are fired with enthusiasm.

A boundless, infinity-loving man like you is inevitably likely to be more vulnerable and easily hurt because of your acute perception of events. In such cases, you are hit full in the face, and you may sink into gloomy daydreamings and dark melancholy.

That said, this mysterious aura definitely gives you an indefinable charm in the eyes of your close friends who are often fascinated by your unique ability to feel and to see what ordinary people can never see!

With Pluto as a dominant planet in your chart, you are a magnetic and mighty predator, like the Scorpio sign ruled by this planet, who needs to exert pressure on others in order to "test" them. You are always ready to evolve, to risk destruction for reconstruction - including your own - to live more intensely whilst imposing your secret authority on things and on people you encounter.

You may come across as wicked, cruel or too authoritarian, but actually you only follow your instinct, you sound people out, and you like to exert your domination simply because your vital energy is too powerful to remain inside. You are inclined to be passionate, with hidden motivations. You are sometimes misunderstood but one of your great Plutonian assets is to go successfully through each life ordeal with ever growing strength.

Dominant Signs for Chris Columbus: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

In your natal chart, the three most important signs - according to criteria mentioned above - are in decreasing order of strength Virgo, Leo and Scorpio. In general, these signs are important because your Ascendant or your Sun is located there. But this is not always the case: there may be a cluster of planets, or a planet may be near an angle other than the Midheaven or Ascendant. It may also be because two or three planets are considered to be very active because they form numerous aspects from these signs.

Thus, you display some of the three signs' characteristics, a bit like a superposition of features on the rest of your chart, and it is all the more so if the sign is emphasized.

Virgo, associated with perfectionism, numbers and reason, is among your dominant signs: you inherit its sense of responsibility and tidiness, a clear mind, an unfailing logic, as well as a need to be useful and to fulfil your task to the best of your abilities. Obviously, people may think that you are too modest or reserved, suspicious or pessimistic because of your exceedingly critical mind, but aren't logic and wisdom great qualities? Of course, they are. Moreover, you keep your feet on the ground, you never behave irrationally and you are helpful and hardworking - what more can you ask for?!

With Leo as a dominant sign, you naturally shine brightly. Your dignity, your sense of honour, and your generosity can almost turn you into a solar mythological hero, a knight or a lord from the ancient times. People may blame you for your selfishness, your pride or your somewhat loud authority, but if you are self-confident, kind-hearted and strong-willed, it surely makes up for your little flaws, as long as they remain moderate...

With Scorpio as a dominant sign, you are a strong and astute person, complicated and passionate, sometimes destructive and intolerant, but strong-willed, tough and daring, sometimes bordering on aggressive. So many qualities and dangers combined in one person! Obviously, this often results in a natural selection of people around you: those who stand up to you or admire you and those who can't bear you anymore! But that is precisely what you want. You are what you are and you are not going to transform yourself just to please. You are too proud and you never dread confrontations, although your way of fighting is secret, like your nature that, mysteriously enough, you are so reluctant to reveal even to your close friends who will never understand you. That said... what a hellish charm you have!

After this paragraph about dominant planets, of Chris Columbus, here are the character traits that you must read more carefully than the previous texts since they are very specific: the texts about dominant planets only give background information about the personality and remain quite general: they emphasize or, on the contrary, mitigate different particularities or facets of a personality. A human being is a complex whole and only bodies of texts can attempt to successfully figure out all the finer points.

The Moon in Leo: his sensitivity

Recherchant l'attention et l'approbation des autres, vous avez besoin Chris Columbus d'extérioriser vos émotions, de les interpréter et même de les jouer de façon théâtrale parfois car il est essentiel pour vous d'occuper le devant de la scène et de briller. Vous souhaitez faire toujours plus sinon mieux que les autres et vous vous efforcez donc, quelle que soit la situation, de vous montrer chaleureux, généreux, loyal, honnête, droit et courageux. Vous êtes toujours disponible quand on a besoin de votre aide ou de vos conseils et vous êtes fier et heureux de pouvoir rendre service. Attention toutefois à ne pas trop imposer votre présence légèrement dominatrice ! Vous n'êtes pas toujours indispensable et l'on pourrait vous reprocher de vous comporter de manière quelque peu égocentrique et autoritaire quand vous tentez de prendre les choses en main sans tenir compte de l'avis des personnes qui vous entourent. Il serait dommage de donner de vous cette image alors que, manquant peut-être de confiance en vous, vous cherchez tout simplement à vous rassurer...

Mercury in Leo: his intellect and social life

Vous avez Chris Columbus une énergie intellectuelle et nerveuse considérable, un bon pouvoir de concentration et une grande détermination. Ne manquant ni de qualités de planification et d'organisation ni d'enthousiasme, vous vous montrez d'une grande serviabilité pour aider à résoudre les problèmes d'autrui et êtes considéré comme une personne sur laquelle on peut compter, ce qui n'est pas pour vous déplaire. En effet, une grande confiance en vos capacités vous anime et vous avez parfois tendance à parler de façon quelque peu exagérée ou théâtrale afin d'attirer l'attention sur vous. Et gare à celui qui ne partagerait pas vos opinions ! Plus que déterminé, vous saurez alors vous montrer entêté et inflexible car vous n'admettrez pas facilement que l'on trouve à redire sur vos idées ou réalisations. Certains pourraient y voir une manière autoritaire de s'imposer avec même parfois une légère condescendance, mais cela, vous n'en serez pas conscient et continuerez donc de penser que vous avez raison.

Venus in Virgo and the Sun in Virgo: his affectivity and seductiveness

Dans votre thème, le Soleil et Vénus sont tous deux en Vierge. Avec cette appartenance double à la Vierge, votre affectivité est nettement sélective. Plus que d'autres, il vous faut maîtriser votre affectivité et la relation dans laquelle elle s'exprime. Vous triez, sélectionnez, observez sans relâche l'autre, jusqu'à vous inscrire - à deux - dans un schéma où chacun joue son rôle, a sa fonction, sa raison d'être. Inutile donc de chercher à vous vanter les mérites d'une mode, les bienfaits d'une manière d'aimer en vogue, d'une attitude "in". Vous êtes fidèle... à vos principes. Vous privilégiez la clarté des rapports au tumulte passionnel dont d'autres se nourrissent. C'est sans doute la raison pour laquelle on évoque volontiers à votre égard la pudeur et la réserve. Non que votre affectivité soit en retrait - vous êtes au contraire un être sensible parce que vulnérable. Mais vous vous méfiez des emportements qui parfois déstabilisent gratuitement la relation. Fiable sinon démonstratif, loyal plus qu'exubérant, vous vous exprimerez pleinement au sein d'un couple fondé sur une relation de complémentarité : le naturel et la spontanéité de l'autre nourriront votre affectivité, tandis que votre fiabilité et votre sens de la mesure protégeront efficacement la cellule couple contre les aléas de l'existence. Bien que théorique, ce schéma permet de donner vie à des comportements amoureux peut-être trop discrets ou timorés par nature.

Chris Columbus, vous avez des sentiments forts et puissants à l'intérieur, mais ce qui est certain, c'est  qu'il n'est pas question pour vous de les montrer sans peser, soupeser et étudier toutes les conséquences de vos discours et de vos actes : la fougue de la spontanéité est atténuée parce que vous ne pouvez vous empêcher de vous discipliner, sans doute en raison de votre pudeur, de votre discrétion ou de votre timidité ; vous êtes terrorisé car vous possédez un tel souci du qu'en dira-t-on que toute forme de passion ou d'expression trop rapide de vos sentiments constitue un danger pour vous. Vous êtes pourtant serviable simple et sans histoire, et même si la raison l'emporte toujours chez vous dans votre façon de considérer votre vie amoureuse, vous avez un coeur qui ne demande qu'à s'enflammer, mais alors dans un cadre bien réglé et où la vie pratique est soigneusement gérée avec bon sens, ordre et propreté. Votre sensibilité vous porte de toute façon à éviter les excès et débordements et selon vous, faire ainsi permet de trouver le bonheur sans aucun risque.

The Sun in Virgo: his will and inner motivations

Mars in Taurus: his ability to take action

Chris Columbus, votre façon d'agir gagne en puissance et en précision ce qu'elle perd en rapidité et en spontanéité. Vous êtes un "lent", certes, mais lorsque vous vous mettez en besogne, vous y mettez toute votre ingéniosité et votre persévérance et vous avez l'amour du travail bien fait. A l'arrivée finalement, vous êtes souvent gagnant par cette façon de faire. Sexuellement, vous êtes ainsi généreux et instinctif et votre lenteur n'enlève rien, elle peut même sans doute vous apporter des satisfactions ainsi surtout qu'à votre partenaire ! Dans vos relations amoureuses ainsi d'ailleurs que dans tous vos échanges relationnels en général, vous êtes du genre à garder pour vous ce qui ne va pas car vous êtes extrêmement patient ; vous ne dites rien, encaissez jusqu'à ce que vous explosiez dans des colères aussi violentes qu'elles sont, dieu merci, très rares.

Conclusion

This text is only an excerpt from the portrait of of Chris Columbus, which we hope will inspire you to deepen your knowledge of astrology.

Since the birth time is unknown,, these portrait excerpts do not take into account the parameters derived from the time, which means, the domification (Ascendant, astrological houses, etc.). Nonetheless, these analyses remain accurate in any case.

Regarding the sources of the birth data in our possession, kindly note that the pages we publish constitute a starting point for more detailed research, even though they seem useful to us. When the sources are contradictory, which occurs rarely, after having analysed them, we choose the most reliable one. Sometimes, we publish a birth date just because it is made available, but we do not claim that is it the best one, by no means.