Astrotheme
A New Approach to Astrology

Karol Beck: Astrological Article and Chart

You will find below the horoscope of Karol Beck with his interactive chart, an excerpt of his astrological portrait and his planetary dominants.

Karol Beck
Author: robbiesaurus from Smithtown, NY, USA
Credits: Karol Beck (SVK)
Licence: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0
Date of birth
Saturday, April 3, 1982 (time unknown)
City of birth
Zvolen (Slovakia)
Aries
Libra
Leo
Signs
Sun
Uranus
Saturn
Planets
Fire
Air
Elements
Chinese astrological sign
Water Dog
9
Birth Path
Height
5' 11" (1m80) tall
Views
7,314

This chart is arbitrarily calculated for noon. If you know the time of birth of Karol Beck, please send us your information with your source, at stars@astrotheme.com. To thank you, we shall be glad to send you the portrait (34 pages) of this celebrity, on demand.

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Horoscopes having the same aspect Mercury trine Uranus (orb 0°26'): Kristen Stewart, Bella Hadid, Marilyn Manson, Russell Crowe, Romy Schneider, Abraham Lincoln, Stephen Hawking, Jacques Chirac, Nicolas Cage... Find all the celebrities having this aspect.

Celebrities born the same day: Marlon Brando, Eddie Murphy, Alec Baldwin, Amanda Bynes, Paris Jackson, Leona Lewis, Tokyo (Japan), Doris Day, Nekfeu... List of all the celebrities born on April 3.

Horoscopes having the Moon in 11° Leo : JoeyStarr, Brian Eno, Valérie Damidot, Monica Vitti, Istanbul (Turkey), Arjun Rampal, Joan Quigley, Robertino Rossellini, Alan Arkin... List of all the celebrities having the Moon in 11° Leo.

Astrology DataBase on November 22, 2024 at 7:15 PM, CEST
70,582 people and events, 34,500 of which with a known time of birth
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Horoscope and chart of Karol Beck

Astrology chart of Karol Beck Horoscope and birth chart of Karol Beck, born April 3, 1982 (time unknown), Zvolen (Slovakia) 13' 19° 21' 25° 54' 10' 22' 35' 27° 02' 26° 53' 48' 13° 19' 18° 36' 11° 42'
Select an object to display more information
Aries
Taurus
Gemini
Cancer
Leo
Virgo
Libra
Scorpio
Sagittarius
Capricorn
Aquarius
Pisces
Sun 13°19' Aries
Sun Aspects
Sun trine Moon orb 1°37'
Sun opposite Mars orb 4°06'
Sun opposite Saturn orb 6°01'
Sun conjunction Mercury orb 8°31'
Sun semi-square Venus orb 1°25'
Moon 11°42' Leo
Moon Aspects
Sun trine Moon orb 1°37'
Moon square Jupiter orb 3°31'
Moon sextile Mars orb 2°28'
Moon sesqui-quadrate Neptune orb 0°20'
Moon trine Mercury orb 6°53'
Moon trine Uranus orb 7°19'
Mercury 4°48' Aries
Mercury Aspects
Mercury conjunction Midheaven orb 4°13'
Mercury trine Uranus orb 0°26'
Mercury opposite Mars orb 4°24'
Sun conjunction Mercury orb 8°31'
Moon trine Mercury orb 6°53'
Mercury square Neptune orb 7°45'
Venus 26°53' Aquarius
Venus Aspects
Venus trine Pluto orb 0°59'
Venus sextile Neptune orb 0°08'
Sun semi-square Venus orb 1°25'
Venus inconjunction Ascendant orb 2°13'
Venus trine Saturn orb 7°32'
Venus square Uranus orb 7°28'
Mars 9°13' Я Libra
Mars Aspects
Sun opposite Mars orb 4°06'
Mercury opposite Mars orb 4°24'
Moon sextile Mars orb 2°28'
Mars opposite Midheaven orb 8°38'
Mars sextile Uranus orb 4°50'
Mars semi-sextile Jupiter orb 1°02'
Mars conjunction Saturn orb 10°08
Jupiter 8°10' Я Scorpio
Jupiter Aspects
Moon square Jupiter orb 3°31'
Mars semi-sextile Jupiter orb 1°02'
Saturn 19°21' Я Libra
Saturn Aspects
Sun opposite Saturn orb 6°01'
Saturn conjunction Pluto orb 6°32'
Saturn semi-square Uranus orb 0°00'
Saturn square Ascendant orb 5°18'
Venus trine Saturn orb 7°32'
Mars conjunction Saturn orb 10°08
Uranus 4°22' Я Sagittarius
Uranus Aspects
Mercury trine Uranus orb 0°26'
Uranus trine Midheaven orb 3°47'
Saturn semi-square Uranus orb 0°00'
Moon trine Uranus orb 7°19'
Mars sextile Uranus orb 4°50'
Venus square Uranus orb 7°28'
Neptune 27°02' Я Sagittarius
Neptune Aspects
Venus sextile Neptune orb 0°08'
Neptune sextile Pluto orb 1°08'
Moon sesqui-quadrate Neptune orb 0°20'
Neptune square Midheaven orb 3°32'
Neptune inconjunction Ascendant orb 2°22'
Mercury square Neptune orb 7°45'
Pluto 25°54' Я Libra
Pluto Aspects
Venus trine Pluto orb 0°59'
Pluto square Ascendant orb 1°13'
Saturn conjunction Pluto orb 6°32'
Neptune sextile Pluto orb 1°08'
North Node 18°36' Я Cancer
Lilith 7°35' Sagittarius
Display Parameters
Calculation Parameters

Biography of Karol Beck (excerpt)

Karol Beck (born April 3, 1982 in Zvolen) is a male tennis player from Slovakia, who turned professional in 2001. He has been ranked as high as 36th in the world (August 26, 2005).

Career

On October 25, 2004, Beck lost in the final of the St. Petersburg Open to Mikhail Youzhny, 6-2, 6-2.

On February 13, 2006 the International Tennis Federation (ITF) announced Beck had tested positive for the beta agonist clenbuterol during the 2005 Davis Cup semifinal against Argentina. As a consequence, the ITF suspended him from the game for two years until October 31, 2007.
2007

Beck finished serving his suspension and began playing again in November as an unranked player.

Astrological portrait of Karol Beck (excerpt)

Disclaimer: these short excerpts of astrological charts are computer processed. They are, by no means, of a personal nature. This principle is valid for the celebrities included in our database. These texts provide the meanings of planets, or combination of planets, in signs and in houses, as well as the interpretations of planetary dominants in line with modern Western astrology rules. Moreover, since Astrotheme is not a polemic website, no negative aspect which may damage the good reputation of a celebrity is posted here, unlike in the comprehensive astrological portrait.

Introduction

Here are some character traits from Karol Beck's birth chart. This description is far from being comprehensive but it can shed light on his/her personality, which is still interesting for professional astrologers or astrology lovers.

N.B.: as this celebrity's birth time is unknown, the chart is arbitrarily calculated for 12:00 PM - the legal time for his/her place of birth; since astrological houses are not taken into account, this astrological profile excerpt is less detailed than those for which the birth time is known.

In a matter of minutes, you can get at your email address your astrological portrait (approximately 32 pages), a much more comprehensive report than this portrait of Karol Beck.

The dominant planets of Karol Beck

When interpreting a natal chart, the best method is to start gradually from general features to specific ones. Thus, there is usually a plan to be followed, from the overall analysis of the chart and its structure, to the description of its different character traits.

In the first part, an overall analysis of the chart enables us to figure out the personality's main features and to emphasize several points that are confirmed or not in the detailed analysis: in any case, those general traits are taken into account. Human personality is an infinitely intricate entity and describing it is a complex task. Claiming to rapidly summarize it is illusory, although it does not mean that it is an impossible challenge. It is essential to read a natal chart several times in order to absorb all its different meanings and to grasp all this complexity. But the exercise is worthwhile.

In brief, a natal chart is composed of ten planets: two luminaries, the Sun and the Moon, three fast-moving or individual planets, Mercury, Venus and Mars, two slow-moving planets, Jupiter and Saturn, and three very slow-moving planets, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Additional secondary elements are: the Lunar Nodes, the Dark Moon or Lilith, Chiron and other minor objects. They are all posited on the Zodiac wheel consisting of twelve signs, from Aries to Pisces, and divided into twelve astrological houses.

The first step is to evaluate the importance of each planet. This is what we call identifying the dominant planets. This process obeys rules that depend on the astrologer's sensitivity and experience but it also has precise and steady bases: thus, we can take into account the parameters of a planet's activity (the number of active aspects a planet forms, the importance of each aspect according to its nature and its exactness), angularity parameters; (proximity to the four angles, Ascendant, Midheaven, Descendant and Imum Coeli or Nadir, all of them being evaluated numerically, according to the kind of angle and the planet-angle distance) and quality parameters (rulership, exaltation, exile and fall). Finally, other criteria such as the rulership of the Ascendant and the Midheaven etc. are important.

These different criteria allow a planet to be highlighted and lead to useful conclusions when interpreting the chart.

The overall chart analysis begins with the observation of three sorts of planetary distributions in the chart: Eastern or Western hemisphere, Northern or Southern hemisphere, and quadrants (North-eastern, North-western, South-eastern and South-western). These three distributions give a general tone in terms of introversion and extraversion, willpower, sociability, and behavioural predispositions.

Then, there are three additional distributions: elements (called triplicity since there are three groups of signs for each one) - Fire, Air, Earth and Water - corresponding to a character typology, modality (or quadruplicity with four groups of signs for each one) - Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable - and polarity (Yin and Yang).

There are three types of dominants: dominant planets, dominant signs and dominant houses. The novice thinks astrology means only "to be Aries" or sometimes, for example, "to be Aries Ascendant Virgo". It is actually far more complex. Although the Sun and the Ascendant alone may reveal a large part of the character - approximately a third or a half of your psychological signature, a person is neither "just the Sun" (called the sign) nor just "the first house" (the Ascendant). Thus, a particular planet's influence may be significantly increased; a particular sign or house may contain a group of planets that will bring nuances and sometimes weaken the role of the Ascendant, of the Sun sign etc.

Lastly, there are two other criteria: accentuations (angular, succedent and cadent) which are a classification of astrological houses and types of decanates that are occupied (each sign is divided into three decanates of ten degrees each). They provide some additional informations.

These general character traits must not be taken literally; they are, somehow, preparing for the chart reading. They allow to understand the second part of the analysis, which is more detailed and precise. It focuses on every area of the personality and provides a synthesis of all the above-mentioned parameters according to sound hierarchical rules.

Warning: when the birth time is unknown, which is the case for Karol Beck, a few paragraphs become irrelevant; distributions in hemispheres and quadrants are meaningless, so are dominant houses and houses' accentuations. Therefore, some chapters are removed from this part.

For all paragraphs, the criteria for valuation are calculated without taking into account angles and rulerships of the Ascendant and of the Midheaven. The methodology retains its validity, but it is less precise without a time of birth.

Elements and Modes for Karol Beck

The Four Elements for Karol Beck: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

Karol Beck, Fire is dominant in your natal chart and endows you with intuition, energy, courage, self-confidence, and enthusiasm! You are inclined to be passionate, you assert your willpower, you move forward, and come hell or high water, you achieve your dreams and your goals. The relative weakness of this element is the difficulty to step back or a kind of boldness that may prompt you to do foolish things.

Cheers for communication and mobility, Karol Beck! The predominance of Air signs in your chart favours and amplifies your taste for relations and for all kinds of short trips, whether real (travels) or symbolic (new ideas, mind speculations). You gain in flexibility and adaptability what you lose in self-assertion or in pragmatism.

Earth qualities are under-represented in your chart, with only 0.00% instead of the average 25%. Deficiency in Earth may indicate that you have no interest in material and concrete values. It is likely that you live too much in your heart or in your mind, or even in your enthusiasm! The fact remains that you may end up in tricky situations, due to your lack of good sense or forethought: material life is unavoidable even if you are rather idealistic, dreamy, or easily content. You must tackle concrete life necessities, for fear of... being forced to cope with them, later, in much more unpleasant ways!

Your natal chart shows a lack of the Water element, with only 6.84% instead of the average 25%. Whether you are aware of it or not, affective values bring about problems, for you or your close friends. In general, a lack of Water does not necessarily mean that you are unable to love as much as others do. However, you may find it difficult to express the deepness of your heart and of your feelings. In the best cases, you come to terms with it, you adjust, you manage to show more affection or, why not, you pretend to be really affected! In the worst cases, you get into the terrible habit of repressing these essential values and you tend to forget that they are the basis of the richest and strongest bonds between human beings.

The twelve zodiacal signs are split up into three groups or modes, called quadruplicities, a learned word meaning only that these three groups include four signs. The Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable modes are more or less represented in your natal chart, depending on planets' positions and importance, and on angles in the twelve signs.

The Three Modes for Karol Beck: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

Karol Beck, the Cardinal mode is dominant here and indicates a predisposition to action, and more exactly, to impulsion and to undertake: you are very keen to implement the plans you have in mind, to get things going and to create them. This is the most important aspect that inspires enthusiasm and adrenalin in you, without which you can grow weary rapidly. You are individualistic (maybe too much?) and assertive. You let others strengthen and improve the constructions which you built with fervour.

Dominants: Planets, Signs and Houses for Karol Beck

The issue of dominant planets has existed since the mists of time in astrology: how nice it would be if a person could be described with a few words and one or several planets that would represent their character, without having to analyse such elements as rulerships, angularities, houses, etc!

The ten planets - the Sun throughout Pluto - are a bit like ten characters in a role-play, each one has its own personality, its own way of acting, its own strengths and weaknesses. They actually represent a classification into ten distinct personalities, and astrologers have always tried to associate one or several dominant planets to a natal chart as well as dominant signs and houses.

Indeed, it is quite the same situation with signs and houses. If planets symbolize characters, signs represent hues - the mental, emotional and physical structures of an individual. The sign in which a planet is posited is like a character whose features are modified according to the place where he lives. In a chart, there are usually one, two or three highlighted signs that allow to rapidly describe its owner.

Regarding astrological houses, the principle is even simpler: the twelve houses correspond to twelve fields of life, and planets tenanting any given house increase that house's importance and highlight all relevant life departments: it may be marriage, work, friendship etc.

In your natal chart, Karol Beck, the ten main planets are distributed as follows:

Dominant Planets for Karol Beck: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

The three most important planets in your chart are the Sun, Uranus and Saturn.

One of the dominant planets in your natal chart is the Sun. He symbolizes will, magnetism, sense of honour and dignity. You are a Solar being, and you often display charismatic and leadership qualities. Your warmth and your persuasive power lead you far away from pettiness. You enjoy thinking big and, consequently, you move forward according to what you decide.

Your Solarian weakness may be related to the sin of pride or to excessive authority. The frontier between pride and vanity is tenuous: be careful not to overstep it and to keep the nobleness of heart that is part of your charm.

Uranus is among your dominant planets: just like Neptune and Pluto, Uranian typology is less clearly defined than the so-called classical seven planets that are visible to the naked eye, from the Sun to Saturn. However, it is possible to associate your Uranian nature with a few clear characteristics: Uranus rhymes with independence, freedom, originality, or even rebelliousness and marginality, when things go wrong...

Uranus is Mercury's higher octave and as such, he borrows some of its traits of character; namely, a tendency to intellectualize situations and emotions with affective detachment, or at least jagged affectivity.

Therefore, you are certainly a passionate man who is on the lookout for any kind of action or revolutionary idea, and you are keen on new things. Uranians are never predictable, and it is especially when they are believed to be stable and well settled that... they change everything - their life, partner, and job! In fact, you are allergic to any kind of routine, although avoiding it must give way to many risks.

Saturn is part of your dominant planets: among the facets of your character, you have a grave and serious side, wise and somewhat severe, since your concentration can be powerful, to the detriment of carelessness and friendliness.

You often look austere, but it is only an appearance, a kind of modesty or reserve; however, it is true that the Saturnian, who is fond of time, effort, asceticism, rigour and sobriety, may have popularity issues. Nevertheless, honesty and straightforwardness, reliability, as well as slow, wise and deep mental process, although not very popular and visible qualities, eventually become noticed and appreciated. Saturnians' second part of life is usually easier and more fulfilling.

Like the Jupiterian, your Saturnian facet prompts you to seek the essential, security, and longevity. However, the difference with the former is that you will never give priority to wealth or "the bigger, the better" philosophy for the sake of power. Saturn, like Jupiter, symbolizes social integration, and it is usually considered positive to have a harmonic Jupiter and Saturn in one's chart because of their social adaptation capacities.

Your vulnerability lies in your too serious and austere side, which may lead to unwanted loneliness and affective frustration. This generally does not last because Saturnians often hide deep down a golden heart that ends up revealing itself...

Dominant Signs for Karol Beck: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

In your natal chart, the three most important signs - according to criteria mentioned above - are in decreasing order of strength Aries, Libra and Leo. In general, these signs are important because your Ascendant or your Sun is located there. But this is not always the case: there may be a cluster of planets, or a planet may be near an angle other than the Midheaven or Ascendant. It may also be because two or three planets are considered to be very active because they form numerous aspects from these signs.

Thus, you display some of the three signs' characteristics, a bit like a superposition of features on the rest of your chart, and it is all the more so if the sign is emphasized.

Arian blood runs through your veins! You have that enthusiasm, frankness, courage, and fastness which usually make you so likeable in spite of your somewhat rough, naive, or violent side. As a bonus, Aries' gushing fire always gives you the impetus to make a fresh start, should you stumble or undergo life hardship!

With Libra as a dominant sign in your natal chart, you love to please, to charm, and to be likeable. Moreover, you are naturally inclined towards tolerance and moderation, as well as elegance and tact, as if you were meant to please! Of course, you always find malcontents who criticize your lack of authenticity or of courage and your half-heartedness, but your aim is to be liked, and in this field, you are an unrivalled champion!

With Leo as a dominant sign, you naturally shine brightly. Your dignity, your sense of honour, and your generosity can almost turn you into a solar mythological hero, a knight or a lord from the ancient times. People may blame you for your selfishness, your pride or your somewhat loud authority, but if you are self-confident, kind-hearted and strong-willed, it surely makes up for your little flaws, as long as they remain moderate...

After this paragraph about dominant planets, of Karol Beck, here are the character traits that you must read more carefully than the previous texts since they are very specific: the texts about dominant planets only give background information about the personality and remain quite general: they emphasize or, on the contrary, mitigate different particularities or facets of a personality. A human being is a complex whole and only bodies of texts can attempt to successfully figure out all the finer points.

The Moon in Leo: his sensitivity

Recherchant l'attention et l'approbation des autres, vous avez besoin Karol Beck d'extérioriser vos émotions, de les interpréter et même de les jouer de façon théâtrale parfois car il est essentiel pour vous d'occuper le devant de la scène et de briller. Vous souhaitez faire toujours plus sinon mieux que les autres et vous vous efforcez donc, quelle que soit la situation, de vous montrer chaleureux, généreux, loyal, honnête, droit et courageux. Vous êtes toujours disponible quand on a besoin de votre aide ou de vos conseils et vous êtes fier et heureux de pouvoir rendre service. Attention toutefois à ne pas trop imposer votre présence légèrement dominatrice ! Vous n'êtes pas toujours indispensable et l'on pourrait vous reprocher de vous comporter de manière quelque peu égocentrique et autoritaire quand vous tentez de prendre les choses en main sans tenir compte de l'avis des personnes qui vous entourent. Il serait dommage de donner de vous cette image alors que, manquant peut-être de confiance en vous, vous cherchez tout simplement à vous rassurer...

Mercury in Aries: his intellect and social life

Vous aimez la discussion et les échanges d'idées et savez apporter, Karol Beck, les remarques stimulantes et provocantes qui feront avancer le débat. Vous avez tendance à vous mettre en avant par la parole et pouvez devenir un leader. Votre compréhension exacte et rapide, fulgurante même, vous permet d'appréhender les problèmes de manière directe et de prendre facilement des initiatives positives. Inventif, intuitif et pressé de voir aboutir vos projets, vous ne vous intéressez que peu aux détails et préférez aller à l'essentiel. Cependant, votre esprit de décision trop impulsif peut vous précipiter dans des actions irréfléchies ; c'est pourquoi il serait parfois bon d'écouter les conseils d'autrui avant de foncer tête baissée et de faire machine arrière, ce que vous n'appréciez pas spécialement.

Venus in Aquarius and the Sun in Aries: his affectivity and seductiveness

Dans votre thème, le Soleil est en Bélier, Vénus en Verseau. Au Diable la monotonie ! Votre affectivité se nourrit avant tout de ces moments d'exaltation, d'étonnement, qui caractérisent habituellement les premiers jours d'une relation. Si l'amour est chaque jour un nouveau départ (Soleil Bélier), une expérience en devenir (Vénus Verseau), comment alors vivre autrement que passionnément, le coeur en alerte ? On voit immédiatement les atouts et les risques d'un tel couple zodiacal... Les atouts, d'abord... La faculté de s'enthousiasmer, de réinventer la relation, de donner un élan neuf aux sentiments les plus établis. On ne pourra pas vous reprocher de laisser s'éteindre les flammes d'un amour sans réagir, sans chercher les moyens de faire revivre une passion renouvelée dès que possible. Les risques ne sont alors que le revers de la médaille de cette exaltation des sens : vous n'acceptez que difficilement l'inéluctable usure d'une relation. Hanté par le démon des amours vieillissants, vous provoquez parfois crises et orages à la seule fin de réanimer les sentiments moribonds. Plus que d'autres, vous supportez difficilement l'enlisement du couple, la morosité, l'inertie. Naïveté ? Peut-être... Chacun sait qu'une vie commune n'offre pas sans cesse le même degré de passion, d'inédit, de surprises. A moins bien sûr de décrocher le partenaire idéal qui jamais ne montre la même face, jamais n'enferme la relation dans les habitudes, les lieux communs, le train train quotidien. Une merveilleuse naïveté préserve souvent un optimisme de fond.

Beaucoup plus cérébral et amical que vraiment passionné dans le domaine amoureux, vous êtes, Karol Beck, plutôt fait pour l'amitié amoureuse, les sentiments fins et légers où chacun garde sa liberté et peut-être presque un détachement et une absence d'implication réelle. Parfois, vous pouvez rester un certain temps distant et absolument indifférent aux affaires de coeur, complètement mobilisé par vos activités intellectuelles originales ou vos projets humanitaires dans une ambiance collective que vous affectionnez tant. Vous substituez ainsi à la relation amoureuse un grand nombre de contacts amicaux et légers et il faut dire que souvent, cela vous suffit. Pour que vous tombiez amoureux, vous avez besoin d'un peu de piment, une dose de surprise et d'admiration pour l'originalité de votre partenaire ; à ces conditions, vous pouvez fort bien exprimer vos sentiments et les vivre pleinement dans une ambiance sans contraintes ou le respect de la liberté est parfaitement partagé dans votre couple.

The Sun in Aries: his will and inner motivations

Mars in Libra: his ability to take action

Karol Beck, on ne peut pas dire que vous êtes spécialement agressif ! En réalité, il en faut généralement beaucoup pour vous puissiez exprimer votre colère car vous êtes plutôt du genre hésitant et peu enclin à prendre des risques ; en fait vous avez par dessus tout horreur de la violence et vous préférez laisser faire plutôt que d'intervenir. La modération et la juste mesure en toute chose ont nettement votre préférence. Un des rares domaines qui peut déclencher votre départ en guerre est peut-être lorsque vous constatez une grande injustice, qu'elle concerne vous-même ou quelqu'un de faible et désarmé. Dans le domaine de l'action comme celui de la sexualité, vous n'êtes pas spécialement impulsif et préférez nettement que votre partenaire vous montre la voie à suivre, avec sérénité et douceur si possible. A vrai dire, les formes et caractéristiques de votre libido sont beaucoup conditionnées par le reste de votre personnalité.

Conclusion

This text is only an excerpt from the portrait of of Karol Beck, which we hope will inspire you to deepen your knowledge of astrology.

Since the birth time is unknown,, these portrait excerpts do not take into account the parameters derived from the time, which means, the domification (Ascendant, astrological houses, etc.). Nonetheless, these analyses remain accurate in any case.

Regarding the sources of the birth data in our possession, kindly note that the pages we publish constitute a starting point for more detailed research, even though they seem useful to us. When the sources are contradictory, which occurs rarely, after having analysed them, we choose the most reliable one. Sometimes, we publish a birth date just because it is made available, but we do not claim that is it the best one, by no means.