You will find below the horoscope of Peter Capaldi with his interactive chart, an excerpt of his astrological portrait and his planetary dominants.
Additional information on the source of the birth time is sometimes available in the biography excerpt below.
Horoscopes having the same Big Three (Sun in Aries, Moon in Pisces, Ascendant in Scorpio) : Olivier Besancenot, Robert Doisneau, Mistinguett, Natacha Régnier, Vicki Lawrence, Manuel Camacho Solís, Pierre Guéguen, Zenobe Gramme, Andrew Fitzherbert... List of all the celebrities having the same Big Three.
Horoscopes having the same aspect Moon conjunction Venus (orb 0°14'): Brad Pitt, Rihanna, Ashton Kutcher, Emma Stone, Anti-Christ, Queen Camilla, Louis XIV of France, Kylian Mbappé, Edgar Allan Poe... Find all the celebrities having this aspect.
Horoscopes having the same aspect Mercury opposite Jupiter (orb 0°30'): Taylor Swift, Barack Obama, Emmanuel Macron, Kate Winslet, Pablo Picasso, Olivia Rodrigo, Aubrey Plaza, Stevie Nicks, Emma Roberts... Find all the celebrities having this aspect.
Celebrities born the same day: Leonardo da Vinci, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Adrien Brody, Veronica Zemanova, Julie Christie, Robert Carlyle, Loretta Lynn, Richie Blackmore, Erich von Däniken... List of all the celebrities born on April 14.
Horoscopes having the Moon in 7° Pisces : Miranda Cosgrove, Eros Ramazzotti, Samy Naceri, Molly Sims, Robert Mapplethorpe, Mircea Eliade, Trisha Yearwood, Enrico Caruso, Daniel Lévi... List of all the celebrities having the Moon in 7° Pisces.
* A planet less than 1° from the next House cusp is considered to be posited in the said House. 2° when the AS and the MC are involved
Peter Dougan Capaldi (born 14 April 1958) is a Scottish actor and film director. In 1995, his short film Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life won the Academy Award for Live Action Short Film. As an actor, he is best known for his breakthrough role as Oldsen in Local Hero, his appearance as John Frobisher in Torchwood and his portrayal of political spin doctor Malcolm Tucker in the successful British TV comedy series The Thick of It and In the Loop.
Early life
Capaldi was born in Glasgow. His mother's family was from Killeshandra, County Cavan, Ireland, and his father's from Picinisco, Italy.
Disclaimer: these short excerpts of astrological charts are computer processed. They are, by no means, of a personal nature. This principle is valid for the celebrities included in our database. These texts provide the meanings of planets, or combination of planets, in signs and in houses, as well as the interpretations of planetary dominants in line with modern Western astrology rules. Moreover, since Astrotheme is not a polemic website, no negative aspect which may damage the good reputation of a celebrity is posted here, unlike in the comprehensive astrological portrait.
Here are some character traits from Peter Capaldi's birth chart. This description is far from being comprehensive but it can shed light on his/her personality, which is still interesting for professional astrologers or astrology lovers.
In a matter of minutes, you can get at your email address your astrological portrait (approximately 32 pages), a much more comprehensive report than this portrait of Peter Capaldi.
When interpreting a natal chart, the best method is to start gradually from general features to specific ones. Thus, there is usually a plan to be followed, from the overall analysis of the chart and its structure, to the description of its different character traits.
In the first part, an overall analysis of the chart enables us to figure out the personality's main features and to emphasize several points that are confirmed or not in the detailed analysis: in any case, those general traits are taken into account. Human personality is an infinitely intricate entity and describing it is a complex task. Claiming to rapidly summarize it is illusory, although it does not mean that it is an impossible challenge. It is essential to read a natal chart several times in order to absorb all its different meanings and to grasp all this complexity. But the exercise is worthwhile.
In brief, a natal chart is composed of ten planets: two luminaries, the Sun and the Moon, three fast-moving or individual planets, Mercury, Venus and Mars, two slow-moving planets, Jupiter and Saturn, and three very slow-moving planets, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Additional secondary elements are: the Lunar Nodes, the Dark Moon or Lilith, Chiron and other minor objects. They are all posited on the Zodiac wheel consisting of twelve signs, from Aries to Pisces, and divided into twelve astrological houses.
The first step is to evaluate the importance of each planet. This is what we call identifying the dominant planets. This process obeys rules that depend on the astrologer's sensitivity and experience but it also has precise and steady bases: thus, we can take into account the parameters of a planet's activity (the number of active aspects a planet forms, the importance of each aspect according to its nature and its exactness), angularity parameters; (proximity to the four angles, Ascendant, Midheaven, Descendant and Imum Coeli or Nadir, all of them being evaluated numerically, according to the kind of angle and the planet-angle distance) and quality parameters (rulership, exaltation, exile and fall). Finally, other criteria such as the rulership of the Ascendant and the Midheaven etc. are important.
These different criteria allow a planet to be highlighted and lead to useful conclusions when interpreting the chart.
The overall chart analysis begins with the observation of three sorts of planetary distributions in the chart: Eastern or Western hemisphere, Northern or Southern hemisphere, and quadrants (North-eastern, North-western, South-eastern and South-western). These three distributions give a general tone in terms of introversion and extraversion, willpower, sociability, and behavioural predispositions.
Then, there are three additional distributions: elements (called triplicity since there are three groups of signs for each one) - Fire, Air, Earth and Water - corresponding to a character typology, modality (or quadruplicity with four groups of signs for each one) - Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable - and polarity (Yin and Yang).
There are three types of dominants: dominant planets, dominant signs and dominant houses. The novice thinks astrology means only "to be Aries" or sometimes, for example, "to be Aries Ascendant Virgo". It is actually far more complex. Although the Sun and the Ascendant alone may reveal a large part of the character - approximately a third or a half of your psychological signature, a person is neither "just the Sun" (called the sign) nor just "the first house" (the Ascendant). Thus, a particular planet's influence may be significantly increased; a particular sign or house may contain a group of planets that will bring nuances and sometimes weaken the role of the Ascendant, of the Sun sign etc.
Lastly, there are two other criteria: accentuations (angular, succedent and cadent) which are a classification of astrological houses and types of decanates that are occupied (each sign is divided into three decanates of ten degrees each). They provide some additional informations.
These general character traits must not be taken literally; they are, somehow, preparing for the chart reading. They allow to understand the second part of the analysis, which is more detailed and precise. It focuses on every area of the personality and provides a synthesis of all the above-mentioned parameters according to sound hierarchical rules.
Each quadrant is a combination of the four hemispheres of your birth chart and relates to a character typology. The Southern hemisphere – the top of your chart, around the Midheaven – is associated with extraversion, action, and public life, whereas the Northern hemisphere prompts to introversion, reflexion, and private life. The Eastern hemisphere – the left part, around the Ascendant – is linked to your ego and your willpower, whereas the Western hemisphere indicates how other people influence you, and how flexible you are when you make a decision.
Peter Capaldi, the nocturnal North-western quadrant, consisting of the 4th, 5th and 6th houses, prevails in your chart: this sector favours creativity, conception and some sort of specialization or training, with helpfulness and relations as strong components. You need others' cooperation in order to work properly, although you are not very expansive: creating, innovating and thinking are what matter most to you because this self-expression enriches you and totally satisfies you.
Peter Capaldi, here are the graphs of your Elements and Modes, based on planets' position and angles in the twelve signs:
Peter Capaldi, Fire is dominant in your natal chart and endows you with intuition, energy, courage, self-confidence, and enthusiasm! You are inclined to be passionate, you assert your willpower, you move forward, and come hell or high water, you achieve your dreams and your goals. The relative weakness of this element is the difficulty to step back or a kind of boldness that may prompt you to do foolish things.
The predominance of Water signs indicates high sensitivity and elevation through feelings, Peter Capaldi. Your heart and your emotions are your driving forces, and you can't do anything on Earth if you don't feel a strong affective charge (as a matter of fact, the word "feeling" is essential in your psychology). You need to love in order to understand, and to feel in order to take action, which causes a certain vulnerability which you should fight against.
Earth qualities are under-represented in your chart, with only 0.00% instead of the average 25%. Deficiency in Earth may indicate that you have no interest in material and concrete values. It is likely that you live too much in your heart or in your mind, or even in your enthusiasm! The fact remains that you may end up in tricky situations, due to your lack of good sense or forethought: material life is unavoidable even if you are rather idealistic, dreamy, or easily content. You must tackle concrete life necessities, for fear of... being forced to cope with them, later, in much more unpleasant ways!
The twelve zodiacal signs are split up into three groups or modes, called quadruplicities, a learned word meaning only that these three groups include four signs. The Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable modes are more or less represented in your natal chart, depending on planets' positions and importance, and on angles in the twelve signs.
The Fixed mode corresponds to a majority of elements in your chart, Peter Capaldi, and represents the desire for security and durability: you are able to concretely appreciate a situation and its stability. You definitely prefer to play the role of a loyal, obstinate and hard-working person, rather than to try new and risky experiences - beware, however, not to confuse obstinacy with intransigence. You structure, cement, and strengthen everything you find on your way: it is your nature, although you are not especially interested in swiftness: slow and steady...
Houses are split up into three groups: angular, succedent and cadent.
The first ones are the most important ones, the most "noticeable" and energetic houses. They are the 1st, 4th, 7th and 10th houses. Their cuspides correspond to four famous angles: Ascendant for the 1st house, Imum Coeli for the 4th house, Descendant, opposite the Ascendant, for the 7th house and Midheaven for the 10th house, opposite the Imum Coeli.
Planets are evaluated according to a whole set of criteria that includes comprehensive Western astrology rules. At their turn, planets emphasize specific types of houses, signs, repartitions etc., as previously explained.
Cadent houses, namely the 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th houses, are very emphasized in your chart, Peter Capaldi. They indicate important potential for communication, adaptability and flexibility. These houses are symbolically linked to the mind and intellect. The relative weakness implied by these characteristics indicates your tendency to hesitate or to be indecisive, but also your remarkable ability to start off again, which is a nice quality, finally: you can easily get yourself out of a tight spot thanks to your mobility and casualness, in the best sense of the term. This group of houses corresponds to evolutionary characteristics of your personality. However, they are only indications and you must include them in the rest of your chart in order to see whether they are validated or not!
N.B.: this dominant is a minor one.
The issue of dominant planets has existed since the mists of time in astrology: how nice it would be if a person could be described with a few words and one or several planets that would represent their character, without having to analyse such elements as rulerships, angularities, houses, etc!
The ten planets - the Sun throughout Pluto - are a bit like ten characters in a role-play, each one has its own personality, its own way of acting, its own strengths and weaknesses. They actually represent a classification into ten distinct personalities, and astrologers have always tried to associate one or several dominant planets to a natal chart as well as dominant signs and houses.
Indeed, it is quite the same situation with signs and houses. If planets symbolize characters, signs represent hues - the mental, emotional and physical structures of an individual. The sign in which a planet is posited is like a character whose features are modified according to the place where he lives. In a chart, there are usually one, two or three highlighted signs that allow to rapidly describe its owner.
Regarding astrological houses, the principle is even simpler: the twelve houses correspond to twelve fields of life, and planets tenanting any given house increase that house's importance and highlight all relevant life departments: it may be marriage, work, friendship etc.
In your natal chart, Peter Capaldi, the ten main planets are distributed as follows:
The three most important planets in your chart are Pluto, Neptune and the Sun.
With Pluto as a dominant planet in your chart, you are a magnetic and mighty predator, like the Scorpio sign ruled by this planet, who needs to exert pressure on others in order to "test" them. You are always ready to evolve, to risk destruction for reconstruction - including your own - to live more intensely whilst imposing your secret authority on things and on people you encounter.
You may come across as wicked, cruel or too authoritarian, but actually you only follow your instinct, you sound people out, and you like to exert your domination simply because your vital energy is too powerful to remain inside. You are inclined to be passionate, with hidden motivations. You are sometimes misunderstood but one of your great Plutonian assets is to go successfully through each life ordeal with ever growing strength.
With Neptune as one of your three dominant planets, you are a secretive and ambiguous person, often confused or unclear about your own motivations! Indeed, you are endowed with unlimited imagination and inspiration, as well as with an extreme sensibility that may turn you into a psychic or a clairvoyant. On the other hand, your impressionability is such that you may have difficulties in separating what is concrete and solid from illusions or dreams.
A mystic, a visionary or a poet, you daydream, like any Neptunian, and you see what few people only can see, all of this being shrouded in aesthetic mists when you are fired with enthusiasm.
A boundless, infinity-loving man like you is inevitably likely to be more vulnerable and easily hurt because of your acute perception of events. In such cases, you are hit full in the face, and you may sink into gloomy daydreamings and dark melancholy.
That said, this mysterious aura definitely gives you an indefinable charm in the eyes of your close friends who are often fascinated by your unique ability to feel and to see what ordinary people can never see!
One of the dominant planets in your natal chart is the Sun. He symbolizes will, magnetism, sense of honour and dignity. You are a Solar being, and you often display charismatic and leadership qualities. Your warmth and your persuasive power lead you far away from pettiness. You enjoy thinking big and, consequently, you move forward according to what you decide.
Your Solarian weakness may be related to the sin of pride or to excessive authority. The frontier between pride and vanity is tenuous: be careful not to overstep it and to keep the nobleness of heart that is part of your charm.
In your natal chart, the three most important signs - according to criteria mentioned above - are in decreasing order of strength Aries, Scorpio and Leo. In general, these signs are important because your Ascendant or your Sun is located there. But this is not always the case: there may be a cluster of planets, or a planet may be near an angle other than the Midheaven or Ascendant. It may also be because two or three planets are considered to be very active because they form numerous aspects from these signs.
Thus, you display some of the three signs' characteristics, a bit like a superposition of features on the rest of your chart, and it is all the more so if the sign is emphasized.
Arian blood runs through your veins! You have that enthusiasm, frankness, courage, and fastness which usually make you so likeable in spite of your somewhat rough, naive, or violent side. As a bonus, Aries' gushing fire always gives you the impetus to make a fresh start, should you stumble or undergo life hardship!
With Scorpio as a dominant sign, you are a strong and astute person, complicated and passionate, sometimes destructive and intolerant, but strong-willed, tough and daring, sometimes bordering on aggressive. So many qualities and dangers combined in one person! Obviously, this often results in a natural selection of people around you: those who stand up to you or admire you and those who can't bear you anymore! But that is precisely what you want. You are what you are and you are not going to transform yourself just to please. You are too proud and you never dread confrontations, although your way of fighting is secret, like your nature that, mysteriously enough, you are so reluctant to reveal even to your close friends who will never understand you. That said... what a hellish charm you have!
With Leo as a dominant sign, you naturally shine brightly. Your dignity, your sense of honour, and your generosity can almost turn you into a solar mythological hero, a knight or a lord from the ancient times. People may blame you for your selfishness, your pride or your somewhat loud authority, but if you are self-confident, kind-hearted and strong-willed, it surely makes up for your little flaws, as long as they remain moderate...
The 6th, 12th and 4th houses are the most prominent ones in your birth chart. From the analysis of the most tenanted houses, the astrologer identifies your most significant fields or spheres of activity. They deal with what you are experiencing - or what you will be brought to experience one day - or they deal with your inner motivations.
Your 6th house is quite emphasized and indicates interest in work and daily occupations that take up a lot of your time: in analogy with Virgo, this house inclines towards perfectionism and training; somehow, you may be fulfilled through the process of being useful and investing your energy in your work. An environment appealing to you may be involved - your colleagues, for example - or a passion for one of these daily occupations. Medical positions or pets may play a role in your life; or ancillary love affairs too... These are a few possibilities indicated by an important 6th house.
The 12th house is emphasized in your chart: like the 8th house, it has a rich and complex meaning. Although its bad reputation is likely to scare most readers in the first place - it is indeed the house of hidden or isolated places, of solitude, of ordeals or enemies - it can also mean that a part of your life is very deep and intense. If your achievements are not visible in the public eye, you may fulfil yourself in a different but equally important way: you may be involved in secret activities, humanitarian causes, and projects in favour of disadvantaged people. You are likely to work in quiet and remote places. In many cases, you will gain from these hidden activities as many treasures as people who have a more public destiny. It may be because you sublimate your work, or only because you successfully carry out your task within your environment. There is no such things as a good or a bad house, because each area of life is necessary in its own way, and we need all of them, if we are to improve spiritually.
With an important 4th house in your chart, your private life, your intimacy, as well as your family and home, play a fundamental role. Your security and your family unit, the one you come from, but also the one you set up when you get married and start a family - or even as a bachelor living alone in your sweet home - are necessary for you to blossom. According to the Tradition, your father may play an important role in your life.
After this paragraph about dominant planets, of Peter Capaldi, here are the character traits that you must read more carefully than the previous texts since they are very specific: the texts about dominant planets only give background information about the personality and remain quite general: they emphasize or, on the contrary, mitigate different particularities or facets of a personality. A human being is a complex whole and only bodies of texts can attempt to successfully figure out all the finer points.
Vous êtes d'une sensibilité à fleur de peau Peter Capaldi, et vos émotions sont si profondes, votre imagination si vive que vous êtes pour ainsi dire souvent dans votre monde délicieux de rêves où, votre imagination aidant, vous vous créez tout un univers fantasmatique bien à vous qui enchevêtre bribes de réalité présente, souvenirs romantiques ou espoirs cachés. Parfois même, votre réceptivité est si intense que vous pouvez faire preuve de médiumnité ou, ce qui est plus gênant mais aussi extrêmement rare, avoir des hallucinations. Votre caractère fluctue au gré des stimulations que vous rencontrez mais vous êtes en général une bonne âme, pleine de douceur et de romantisme, toujours prête à comprendre votre prochain et à vous dévouer pour lui. Vous avez des dons certains pour guérir les gens, ne serait-ce que par votre talent pour comprendre d'instinct la souffrance d'autrui. Forcément, avec cette sorte de radar ambulant que constitue votre charpente affective, vous êtes vulnérable, sensible au moindre choc, influençable aussi car incapable de prendre du vrai recul avec les gens ou les évènements ; ainsi vous pouvez parfois vous mettre à douter et perdre un peu la confiance qui est en vous et qui est pourtant si nécessaire pour avancer.
Votre famille, votre foyer et souvent votre mère, Peter Capaldi, ont une importance émotionnelle particulièrement forte. Vous êtes attaché plus que quiconque à vos racines et le cadre intime dans lequel vous vivez est essentiel; il est une source continue de charges affectives qui vous imprègnent... (excerpt)
Vous aimez la discussion et les échanges d'idées et savez apporter, Peter Capaldi, les remarques stimulantes et provocantes qui feront avancer le débat. Vous avez tendance à vous mettre en avant par la parole et pouvez devenir un leader. Votre compréhension exacte et rapide, fulgurante même, vous permet d'appréhender les problèmes de manière directe et de prendre facilement des initiatives positives. Inventif, intuitif et pressé de voir aboutir vos projets, vous ne vous intéressez que peu aux détails et préférez aller à l'essentiel. Cependant, votre esprit de décision trop impulsif peut vous précipiter dans des actions irréfléchies ; c'est pourquoi il serait parfois bon d'écouter les conseils d'autrui avant de foncer tête baissée et de faire machine arrière, ce que vous n'appréciez pas spécialement.
Donner le maximum de votre puissance intellectuelle, c'est pour vous naturellement dans le travail que vous pouvez le faire, Peter Capaldi. A quoi bon se décarcasser la cervelle si ce n'est pour être utile professionnellement, grimper les échelons, être reconnu par ses collègues de travail et se... (excerpt)
Dans votre thème, le Soleil est en Bélier, Vénus en Poissons. Association paradoxale : à l'enthousiasme et la fraîcheur printanière d'un Soleil Bélier réagit la subtilité et la distance d'une Vénus Poissons. Vos aspirations (solaires) vous prédisposent aux emballements du coeur, à la spontanéité des échanges... mais vos désirs (vénusiens) se font et se brisent selon d'autres règles, insaisissables, irrationnelles parfois. Entre le début et la fin, la frontière est souvent ténue, l'équilibre fragile. Certains comportements affectifs peuvent paraître déroutants : ainsi, vous pouvez passer sans transition aucune de l'enthousiasme au renoncement. Parce que vos sens ne suivront pas vos idéaux, parce que vos désirs échappent aux modèles qui vous séduisent, aussi sincères qu'ils soient. L'être aimé ne sera pas nécessairement conforme à l'être rêvé, conceptualisé. Pour vous, l'attirance - ou la répulsion - repose sur d'ineffables impressions que les coups de tête d'un jour ne parviendront ni à effacer ni à construire. Si vous faites preuve, souvent, d'une certaine naïveté, vos sens feront vite la part de l'illusoire enthousiasme d'un jour et de l'essentielle harmonie sans laquelle deux êtres se repousseront tôt ou tard. Mieux vaut donc se méfier des déclarations enflammées du moment et tenir compte de votre délicate et très sélective affectivité. L'amour n'est pas simple ! Et s'il l'était, l'indifférence triompherait rapidement des sentiments les plus intenses.
La compassion et le don de vous-même : c'est sur ce mode romanesque que vous aimez et que vous souhaitez exprimer vos sentiments dont l'intensité en réalité n'a pas de limite, Peter Capaldi. Avec exaltation et imagination vous rêvez autant que vous vivez vos relations amoureuses et la frontière entre le concret et vos espérances immenses est si ténue que vous ne savez plus vous-même parfois où elle se trouve, encore que votre sensualité particulièrement riche vous pousse à vivre concrètement ce que vous ressentez. Vous cherchez la communion et la passion avec votre partenaire et les envolées lyriques de vos sentiments déferlent de votre coeur par vagues sans que vous ne puissiez les contrôler, d'ailleurs vous n'en avez aucune envie car elles vous procurent une joie réelle presque voluptueuse et charnelle. Vous donnez beaucoup - parfois trop - et vous vous donnez vous-même entièrement, presque sans pudeur, livrant totalement votre vulnérabilité dans vos échanges amoureux parce que vous êtes sûr de la qualité et de la puissance de vos sentiments : ils sont si puissants et si envahissants que vous êtes certain qu'aucune barrière ne peut leur résister.
Peter Capaldi, votre vie sentimentale a besoin pour s'épanouir d'un socle familial solide et sécurisant à partir duquel vous pouvez enfin regarder à l'extérieur et donner libre cours à vos émois amoureux : que vous ayez eu une enfance pendant laquelle vous n'avez manqué d'aucune affection et... (excerpt)
The ruler of the Ascendant, also referred to as the chart ruler, brings a few interesting nuances to the meanings provided by the Sun and the Ascendant. The sign in which the ruler of the Ascendant is posited fine-tunes the style of personality described by the Sun and the Ascendant. It may strengthen it if the sign is identical to either of them.
The ruler of the Ascendant, Peter Capaldi, is Pluto. In the sign of Leo, it may endow you with authority and a certain inclination for prestige. Generous and noble, you loathe pettiness. You are not aware that you sometimes irritate the members of your entourage because of your excessive pride or your self-centredness.
Vous êtes un perfectionniste, Peter Capaldi, quelqu'un dont le souci permanent demeure de s'améliorer en toutes choses, accumuler des connaissances, devenir utile au meilleur de ses performances et de ses compétences. Le travail pour vous est un domaine important et en général contrairement à d'autres, vous... (excerpt)
Peter Capaldi, votre façon d'agir est plutôt paradoxale : vous exercez à merveille vos activités lorsque vous travaillez entouré d'une équipe dans un but collectif, mais vous le faites à votre manière d'une façon originale et individualiste : c'est là votre particularité principale, vous avez le souci de marquer et d'exprimer votre originalité et votre spécificité tout en étant bien immergé dans une communauté humaine. Plutôt sec et peu souple, vous êtes inventif et combattez facilement l'autorité pour la simple raison que son existence même va à l'encontre de ces valeurs sacrées que représentent pour vous la liberté, l'indépendance et surtout l'absence de contrainte. L'esprit de compétition vous est totalement étranger, vous préférez nettement être utile et conquérir de nouveaux territoires en général d'ordre humanitaire ou intellectuel. Sur le plan sexuel, vous êtes également souvent original et surprenant, que ce soit sur le plan de vos fantasmes ou celui de vos goûts.
Votre entourage est rapidement conscient de votre vivacité et de votre esprit… polémique et parfois rapide, Peter Capaldi. En effet, votre énergie est efficacement mise en œuvre dans la communication, les écrits, les joutes verbales, les discours etc. mais aussi d'une façon plus concrète dans votre vie... (excerpt)
This text is only an excerpt from the portrait of of Peter Capaldi, which we hope will inspire you to deepen your knowledge of astrology.
Regarding the sources of the birth data in our possession, kindly note that the pages we publish constitute a starting point for more detailed research, even though they seem useful to us. When the sources are contradictory, which occurs rarely, after having analysed them, we choose the most reliable one. Sometimes, we publish a birth date just because it is made available, but we do not claim that is it the best one, by no means.