Astrotheme
A New Approach to Astrology

Franz Bardon: Astrological Article and Chart

You will find below the horoscope of Franz Bardon with his interactive chart, an excerpt of his astrological portrait and his planetary dominants.

Franz Bardon
Author: Unknown authorUnknown author
Credits: A Bardon Companion: Commentary Upon Franz Bardon's Books
Licence: Public domain
Date of birth
Wednesday, December 1, 1909 (time unknown)
City of birth
Katherein, Opava (Czech Republic)
Sagittarius
Aries
Capricorn
Signs
Mars
Jupiter
Venus
Planets
Fire
Earth
Elements
Chinese astrological sign
Earth Rooster
5
Birth Path
Views
19,788

This chart is arbitrarily calculated for noon. If you know the time of birth of Franz Bardon, please send us your information with your source, at stars@astrotheme.com. To thank you, we shall be glad to send you the portrait (34 pages) of this celebrity, on demand.

Horoscopes having the same aspect Sun sextile Jupiter (orb 0°53'): Jennifer Lopez, Elvis Presley, Benedict Cumberbatch, Bradley Cooper, James Franco, Isaac Newton, Courtney Love, Alexander the Great, Lorde... Find all the celebrities having this aspect.

Horoscopes having the same aspect Mercury sextile Jupiter (orb 1°54'): Megan Fox, Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, Sigmund Freud, Kylie Minogue, Brigitte Macron, Novak Djokovic, Grimes (musician), Tim Burton, Ava Gardner... Find all the celebrities having this aspect.

Celebrities born the same day: Pablo Escobar, Woody Allen, Zoë Kravitz, Andrew Tate, Claire Chazal, Sarah Silverman, Janelle Monáe, Tyler Joseph, Antoine de Caunes... List of all the celebrities born on December 1.

Horoscopes having the Moon in 1° Leo : Clint Eastwood, Shia Labeouf, Marie Drucker, Mark Hamill, Vanessa Marcil, Coralie (L5), Robert Badinter, Cali (singer), Douglas MacArthur... List of all the celebrities having the Moon in 1° Leo.

Astrology DataBase on November 22, 2024 at 7:15 PM, CEST
70,582 people and events, 34,500 of which with a known time of birth
Horoscopes clicked on in real-time: 963,433,750 times

Horoscope and chart of Franz Bardon

Astrology chart of Franz Bardon Horoscope and birth chart of Franz Bardon, born December 1, 1909 (time unknown), Katherein, Opava (Czech Republic) 31' 22° 42' 37' 38' 18° 50' 25° 52' 42' 16° 41' 27' 26° 12' 18° 56' 30'
Select an object to display more information
Aries
Taurus
Gemini
Cancer
Leo
Virgo
Libra
Scorpio
Sagittarius
Capricorn
Aquarius
Pisces
Sun 8°38' Sagittarius
Sun Aspects
Sun conjunction Mercury orb 1°01'
Sun conjunction Midheaven orb 5°17'
Sun sextile Jupiter orb 0°53'
Sun trine Mars orb 4°56'
Sun trine Moon orb 7°08'
Sun trine Saturn orb 8°03'
Moon 1°30' Leo
Moon Aspects
Moon trine Mars orb 2°12'
Moon opposite Venus orb 5°37'
Sun trine Moon orb 7°08'
Moon trine Mercury orb 6°07'
Moon sesqui-quadrate Midheaven orb 2°33'
Mercury 7°37' Sagittarius
Mercury Aspects
Sun conjunction Mercury orb 1°01'
Mercury trine Mars orb 3°55'
Mercury conjunction Midheaven orb 6°18'
Mercury sextile Jupiter orb 1°54'
Moon trine Mercury orb 6°07'
Venus 25°52' Capricorn
Venus Aspects
Moon opposite Venus orb 5°37'
Venus conjunction Uranus orb 7°02'
Venus inconjunction Pluto orb 0°19'
Venus opposite Neptune orb 6°56'
Mars 3°42' Aries
Mars Aspects
Moon trine Mars orb 2°12'
Sun trine Mars orb 4°56'
Mars opposite Jupiter orb 5°49'
Mercury trine Mars orb 3°55'
Mars square Pluto orb 7°29'
Jupiter 9°31' Libra
Jupiter Aspects
Sun sextile Jupiter orb 0°53'
Mars opposite Jupiter orb 5°49'
Mercury sextile Jupiter orb 1°54'
Jupiter opposite Saturn orb 7°09'
Jupiter sesqui-quadrate Ascendant orb 1°12'
Jupiter sextile Midheaven orb 4°24'
Saturn 16°41' Я Aries
Saturn Aspects
Saturn square Uranus orb 2°08'
Saturn trine Midheaven orb 2°45'
Saturn square Neptune orb 2°14'
Jupiter opposite Saturn orb 7°09'
Sun trine Saturn orb 8°03'
Uranus 18°50' Capricorn
Uranus Aspects
Uranus opposite Neptune orb 0°06'
Saturn square Uranus orb 2°08'
Venus conjunction Uranus orb 7°02'
Neptune 18°56' Я Cancer
Neptune Aspects
Uranus opposite Neptune orb 0°06'
Saturn square Neptune orb 2°14'
Venus opposite Neptune orb 6°56'
Neptune bi-quintile Midheaven orb 0°59'
Pluto 26°12' Я Gemini
Pluto Aspects
Pluto trine Ascendant orb 2°53'
Venus inconjunction Pluto orb 0°19'
Mars square Pluto orb 7°29'
North Node 7°27' Я Gemini
Lilith 22°42' Я Libra
Display Parameters
Calculation Parameters

Biography of Franz Bardon (excerpt)

Franz Bardon (December 1, 1909 – July 10, 1958). Born in Opava, Czechoslovakia. Bardon was both a stage magician and student and teacher of Hermetics. He was member of czech hermetic society Universalia. During World War II Bardon was at one point held in a concentration camp for refusing to participate in Nazi Mysticism. Bardon was rescued by Russian soldiers who raided the camp. Bardon continued his work in the fields of Hermetics until 1958 when he was arrested and imprisoned in Brno Czechoslovakia. Bardon died on July 10 1958 while in the custody of police.

Works
He is best known for his three volumes on Hermetic magic.

Astrological portrait of Franz Bardon (excerpt)

Disclaimer: these short excerpts of astrological charts are computer processed. They are, by no means, of a personal nature. This principle is valid for the celebrities included in our database. These texts provide the meanings of planets, or combination of planets, in signs and in houses, as well as the interpretations of planetary dominants in line with modern Western astrology rules. Moreover, since Astrotheme is not a polemic website, no negative aspect which may damage the good reputation of a celebrity is posted here, unlike in the comprehensive astrological portrait.

Introduction

Here are some character traits from Franz Bardon's birth chart. This description is far from being comprehensive but it can shed light on his/her personality, which is still interesting for professional astrologers or astrology lovers.

N.B.: as this celebrity's birth time is unknown, the chart is arbitrarily calculated for 12:00 PM - the legal time for his/her place of birth; since astrological houses are not taken into account, this astrological profile excerpt is less detailed than those for which the birth time is known.

In a matter of minutes, you can get at your email address your astrological portrait (approximately 32 pages), a much more comprehensive report than this portrait of Franz Bardon.

The dominant planets of Franz Bardon

When interpreting a natal chart, the best method is to start gradually from general features to specific ones. Thus, there is usually a plan to be followed, from the overall analysis of the chart and its structure, to the description of its different character traits.

In the first part, an overall analysis of the chart enables us to figure out the personality's main features and to emphasize several points that are confirmed or not in the detailed analysis: in any case, those general traits are taken into account. Human personality is an infinitely intricate entity and describing it is a complex task. Claiming to rapidly summarize it is illusory, although it does not mean that it is an impossible challenge. It is essential to read a natal chart several times in order to absorb all its different meanings and to grasp all this complexity. But the exercise is worthwhile.

In brief, a natal chart is composed of ten planets: two luminaries, the Sun and the Moon, three fast-moving or individual planets, Mercury, Venus and Mars, two slow-moving planets, Jupiter and Saturn, and three very slow-moving planets, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Additional secondary elements are: the Lunar Nodes, the Dark Moon or Lilith, Chiron and other minor objects. They are all posited on the Zodiac wheel consisting of twelve signs, from Aries to Pisces, and divided into twelve astrological houses.

The first step is to evaluate the importance of each planet. This is what we call identifying the dominant planets. This process obeys rules that depend on the astrologer's sensitivity and experience but it also has precise and steady bases: thus, we can take into account the parameters of a planet's activity (the number of active aspects a planet forms, the importance of each aspect according to its nature and its exactness), angularity parameters; (proximity to the four angles, Ascendant, Midheaven, Descendant and Imum Coeli or Nadir, all of them being evaluated numerically, according to the kind of angle and the planet-angle distance) and quality parameters (rulership, exaltation, exile and fall). Finally, other criteria such as the rulership of the Ascendant and the Midheaven etc. are important.

These different criteria allow a planet to be highlighted and lead to useful conclusions when interpreting the chart.

The overall chart analysis begins with the observation of three sorts of planetary distributions in the chart: Eastern or Western hemisphere, Northern or Southern hemisphere, and quadrants (North-eastern, North-western, South-eastern and South-western). These three distributions give a general tone in terms of introversion and extraversion, willpower, sociability, and behavioural predispositions.

Then, there are three additional distributions: elements (called triplicity since there are three groups of signs for each one) - Fire, Air, Earth and Water - corresponding to a character typology, modality (or quadruplicity with four groups of signs for each one) - Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable - and polarity (Yin and Yang).

There are three types of dominants: dominant planets, dominant signs and dominant houses. The novice thinks astrology means only "to be Aries" or sometimes, for example, "to be Aries Ascendant Virgo". It is actually far more complex. Although the Sun and the Ascendant alone may reveal a large part of the character - approximately a third or a half of your psychological signature, a person is neither "just the Sun" (called the sign) nor just "the first house" (the Ascendant). Thus, a particular planet's influence may be significantly increased; a particular sign or house may contain a group of planets that will bring nuances and sometimes weaken the role of the Ascendant, of the Sun sign etc.

Lastly, there are two other criteria: accentuations (angular, succedent and cadent) which are a classification of astrological houses and types of decanates that are occupied (each sign is divided into three decanates of ten degrees each). They provide some additional informations.

These general character traits must not be taken literally; they are, somehow, preparing for the chart reading. They allow to understand the second part of the analysis, which is more detailed and precise. It focuses on every area of the personality and provides a synthesis of all the above-mentioned parameters according to sound hierarchical rules.

Warning: when the birth time is unknown, which is the case for Franz Bardon, a few paragraphs become irrelevant; distributions in hemispheres and quadrants are meaningless, so are dominant houses and houses' accentuations. Therefore, some chapters are removed from this part.

For all paragraphs, the criteria for valuation are calculated without taking into account angles and rulerships of the Ascendant and of the Midheaven. The methodology retains its validity, but it is less precise without a time of birth.

Elements and Modes for Franz Bardon

The Four Elements for Franz Bardon: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

Franz Bardon, Fire is dominant in your natal chart and endows you with intuition, energy, courage, self-confidence, and enthusiasm! You are inclined to be passionate, you assert your willpower, you move forward, and come hell or high water, you achieve your dreams and your goals. The relative weakness of this element is the difficulty to step back or a kind of boldness that may prompt you to do foolish things.

Like the majority of Earth signs, Franz Bardon, you are efficient, concrete and not too emotional. What matters to you is what you see: you judge the tree by its fruits. Your ideas keep changing, words disappear, but actions and their consequences are visible and remain. Express your sensitivity, even if it means revealing your vulnerability. Emotions, energy and communication must not be neglected; concrete action is meaningless if it is not justified by your heart, your intellect or your enthusiasm.

Your natal chart shows a lack of the Water element, with only 6.76% instead of the average 25%. Whether you are aware of it or not, affective values bring about problems, for you or your close friends. In general, a lack of Water does not necessarily mean that you are unable to love as much as others do. However, you may find it difficult to express the deepness of your heart and of your feelings. In the best cases, you come to terms with it, you adjust, you manage to show more affection or, why not, you pretend to be really affected! In the worst cases, you get into the terrible habit of repressing these essential values and you tend to forget that they are the basis of the richest and strongest bonds between human beings.

The twelve zodiacal signs are split up into three groups or modes, called quadruplicities, a learned word meaning only that these three groups include four signs. The Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable modes are more or less represented in your natal chart, depending on planets' positions and importance, and on angles in the twelve signs.

The Three Modes for Franz Bardon: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

Franz Bardon, the Cardinal mode is dominant here and indicates a predisposition to action, and more exactly, to impulsion and to undertake: you are very keen to implement the plans you have in mind, to get things going and to create them. This is the most important aspect that inspires enthusiasm and adrenalin in you, without which you can grow weary rapidly. You are individualistic (maybe too much?) and assertive. You let others strengthen and improve the constructions which you built with fervour.

Dominants: Planets, Signs and Houses for Franz Bardon

The issue of dominant planets has existed since the mists of time in astrology: how nice it would be if a person could be described with a few words and one or several planets that would represent their character, without having to analyse such elements as rulerships, angularities, houses, etc!

The ten planets - the Sun throughout Pluto - are a bit like ten characters in a role-play, each one has its own personality, its own way of acting, its own strengths and weaknesses. They actually represent a classification into ten distinct personalities, and astrologers have always tried to associate one or several dominant planets to a natal chart as well as dominant signs and houses.

Indeed, it is quite the same situation with signs and houses. If planets symbolize characters, signs represent hues - the mental, emotional and physical structures of an individual. The sign in which a planet is posited is like a character whose features are modified according to the place where he lives. In a chart, there are usually one, two or three highlighted signs that allow to rapidly describe its owner.

Regarding astrological houses, the principle is even simpler: the twelve houses correspond to twelve fields of life, and planets tenanting any given house increase that house's importance and highlight all relevant life departments: it may be marriage, work, friendship etc.

In your natal chart, Franz Bardon, the ten main planets are distributed as follows:

Dominant Planets for Franz Bardon: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

The three most important planets in your chart are Mars, Jupiter and Venus.

Mars is one of your dominant planets and provides you with its efficient energy and enthusiasm: with a powerful Mars in your chart, action - but also will and ability to undertake - is not an empty word for you. You are active, dynamic, willing to fight, courageous, and you are never afraid to move mountains, even though risks are part of the adventures that you start with determination.

However, your patience is not always up to your boldness and a kind of feverishness, or even anger, can tarnish the quality of your achievements. That would be a pity since the Marsian is a champion in matters of efficiency! Mars symbolizes display of action, conquering spirit that favours discipline and order - beware of not being fussy - and lies at the frontier between action and brutality, between conquest and potential aggressiveness.

Jupiter, the planet of expansion, organization, power and benevolence, is quite emphasized in your chart. Like any Jupiterian, you are warm, open, sociable, consensual, active and optimistic. You can use your self-confidence to erase differences of opinion, and you leave the task of analyzing and perfecting things to specialists. Your role, and you know it since you were young, is to gather, to demonstrate your synthesizing and conciliatory mind, and to naturally reap its fruits - power.

You appreciate legality, social order but also order in general. With you as a leader, every plan or human entity can be organized and structured. You excel at supervising. The Jupiterian type is indeed the politician par excellence, and a positive Jupiter in your chart is synonymous with good integration into society, whatever the chosen path.

Is this idyllic picture really perfect? Certainly not: each planet's typology has its own weaknesses. One of yours is pride, like the Solarian, but your will of expansion at all costs may generate a form of exaggeration in everything, endless pleasure, inappropriate self-confidence that could lead you to rough materialism and the thirst for absurd material comfort - in the worst cases, of course.

With Venus among your dominant planets, one of your first reflexes is... to please! Your look, your charm, and your seduction are omnipresent elements in your behaviour.

Your approach to things is connected to your heart, and for you, no real communication can flow if your interlocutors exude no sympathy or warmth. Cold and logical reasoning, clear thoughts and good sense are not important to you: if there is no affective bond with your environment, no connection can be established with the Venusian that you are, and nothing happens.

You have a strong artistic side, and you never neglect subjective but clear concepts such as pleasure, beauty, and also sensuality. However, sometimes to the detriment of efficiency, durability, logic, and... detachment.

Dominant Signs for Franz Bardon: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

In your natal chart, the three most important signs - according to criteria mentioned above - are in decreasing order of strength Sagittarius, Aries and Capricorn. In general, these signs are important because your Ascendant or your Sun is located there. But this is not always the case: there may be a cluster of planets, or a planet may be near an angle other than the Midheaven or Ascendant. It may also be because two or three planets are considered to be very active because they form numerous aspects from these signs.

Thus, you display some of the three signs' characteristics, a bit like a superposition of features on the rest of your chart, and it is all the more so if the sign is emphasized.

Sagittarius, an adventurous and conquering fire sign, is dominant in your chart: you are enthusiastic, enterprising, optimistic, very sociable, and mobile - you have itchy feet, both physically and mentally. Nobody gets bored with you because you are always planning things and suggesting excursions, at least... when you are around and not already gone on a trip! Obviously, so many movements for one man may scare people off, and some of them may even criticize your brutality or your tendency to loose your temper, but you are so warm and genuine, so expansive, isn't this a good thing? And all the more so, since your sense of humour is overwhelming...

Arian blood runs through your veins! You have that enthusiasm, frankness, courage, and fastness which usually make you so likeable in spite of your somewhat rough, naive, or violent side. As a bonus, Aries' gushing fire always gives you the impetus to make a fresh start, should you stumble or undergo life hardship!

Capricorn is one of your dominant signs and endows you with a grave and serious style that seems to stick to you constantly. But if you have that reserved and cold side - as some extrovert people may think - on the other hand, you possess sturdy qualities: you are strong-willed and tough. Your long-term vision, your sense of duty, and your ambition are not affected by the derisory and erratic motions that seem to upset most mortals less steady than you. Besides, you are like a good wine, you age well and your natural solemnity or serious side paradoxically turns into an almost cheerful appearance, as you grow older. You are actually very sensitive when it comes to love. Faithful, caring, sweet, and sensitive, your behaviour is very different in your everyday, sentimental life. A golden heart beats under your tough and austere appearance...

After this paragraph about dominant planets, of Franz Bardon, here are the character traits that you must read more carefully than the previous texts since they are very specific: the texts about dominant planets only give background information about the personality and remain quite general: they emphasize or, on the contrary, mitigate different particularities or facets of a personality. A human being is a complex whole and only bodies of texts can attempt to successfully figure out all the finer points.

The Moon in Leo: his sensitivity

Recherchant l'attention et l'approbation des autres, vous avez besoin Franz Bardon d'extérioriser vos émotions, de les interpréter et même de les jouer de façon théâtrale parfois car il est essentiel pour vous d'occuper le devant de la scène et de briller. Vous souhaitez faire toujours plus sinon mieux que les autres et vous vous efforcez donc, quelle que soit la situation, de vous montrer chaleureux, généreux, loyal, honnête, droit et courageux. Vous êtes toujours disponible quand on a besoin de votre aide ou de vos conseils et vous êtes fier et heureux de pouvoir rendre service. Attention toutefois à ne pas trop imposer votre présence légèrement dominatrice ! Vous n'êtes pas toujours indispensable et l'on pourrait vous reprocher de vous comporter de manière quelque peu égocentrique et autoritaire quand vous tentez de prendre les choses en main sans tenir compte de l'avis des personnes qui vous entourent. Il serait dommage de donner de vous cette image alors que, manquant peut-être de confiance en vous, vous cherchez tout simplement à vous rassurer...

Mercury in Sagittarius: his intellect and social life

Votre soif d'apprendre est considérable Franz Bardon et vous pouvez passer votre vie à étudier, notamment les langues, la géographie, la philosophie ou le droit. D'une grande ouverture d'esprit, vous souhaitez abolir les frontières quelles qu'elles soient et l'humaniste qui sommeille en vous pourra alors devenir un "grand voyageur" allant au-devant des autres pour apprendre à les connaître et communiquer avec eux. Vous exprimez avec franchise et clarté vos opinions et croyances et accueillez celles d'autrui avec enthousiasme. Du fait de vos nombreux centres d'intérêts, vous pourrez parfois être perçu comme quelqu'un de superficiel, insouciant et excessivement optimiste. Mais si vous parvenez à maîtriser cette tendance à la dispersion, toutes les rencontres et découvertes que vous aurez pu faire influeront positivement sur votre attitude et votre conception philosophique de la vie.

Venus in Capricorn and the Sun in Sagittarius: his affectivity and seductiveness

Dans votre thème, le Soleil est en Sagittaire, Vénus en Capricorne. Le Sagittaire est enthousiaste, explorateur, découvreur de l'âme et des coeurs. Certes, mais sans doute vos comportements affectifs obéissent-ils à une logique quelque peu différente. Car le Capricorne (votre Signe vénusien) se veut prudent, réservé, pondéré. Elitiste par volonté d'autoprotection, seul au milieu du monde, le Capricorne ne saurait accepter l'objet du désir sans précaution. Une certaine vulnérabilité affective tempère les élans naturels de votre Signe solaire. Une telle configuration zodiacale induit une forme de réserve qui passe fréquemment pour une timidité prononcée. Une confiance préalable à tout dialogue doit s'établir. On est loin du Sagittaire-conquérant affable et volage. On veut bien sortir de sa tour d'ivoire, pour découvrir, mais pas laisser entrer n'importe qui, n'importe comment. L'amour a ses lois, ses règles. Le plus difficile pour vous sera de faire le premier pas, de céder à l'appel d'un désir qui pourtant vous fait peur. Longtemps sur la défensive, vous ne laisserez libre cours à l'enthousiasme du Sagittaire que si un certain absolu affectif semble atteint. Le risque est bien sûr d'attendre encore et toujours, jusqu'à extinction des feux de la passion. Mais pour peu que votre jardin secret lui soit accessible, vous saurez bâtir une relation faite de spontanéité et de certitudes.

Franz Bardon, il est clair que vous ne tombez pas très facilement amoureux. Mais quand c'est le cas, vos sentiments sont profonds, paisibles, sérieux et surtout durables. Le besoin de sécurité dont vous ne pouvez en aucun cas vous passer pour vous sentir bien et vous donner, vous l'offrez en retour avec stabilité et devoir même si vous mélangez un peu il est vrai la responsabilité avec l'amour. Pour vous, le charme de votre partenaire est constitué non pas seulement de ses attraits physiques ou de l'attirance sentimentale qu'il suscite, mais aussi de ses qualités intellectuelles et morales : vous avez un besoin farouche d'authenticité et de sérieux, car vous êtes vous-même comme cela. Vos amours sont en général peu nombreuses et c'est sur le tard souvent que vous pourrez enfin exprimer au mieux ce que vous avez en vous et qui mérite véritablement le détour tant vos sentiments peuvent être paisibles et stables. Le risque pour vous si jamais vous n'obtenez pas ce que vous souhaitez est de vous réfugier dans un certain cynisme ou de vous refermer sur vous-même.

The Sun in Sagittarius: his will and inner motivations

Mars in Aries: his ability to take action

Impulsif, impatient, rapide et énergique vous ? Oui bien sûr, Franz Bardon. Vous êtes courageux et  capable d'efforts intenses et très importants sur une courte durée ; et quel rythme ! Que ce soit dans le sport ou bien sur le plan de la sexualité, vous n'êtes pas du genre à réfléchir, vous agissez, un peu "à la hussarde" et instinctivement. Vous parlez avec franchise sans vous soucier de l'opinion de l'autre et surtout sans supporter qu'il ne vous freine ou qu'il ne vous juge. Avec vous, cela passe ou cela casse, ce qui fait que tous vos échanges relationnels ne s'embarrassent pas de diplomatie ou de compromis. Vous êtes trop franc et trop entier pour perdre du temps avec de la finesse ou de la ruse mais c'est ce qui fait votre charme d'un certain côté car avec vous au moins, on sait à quoi s'en tenir.

Conclusion

This text is only an excerpt from the portrait of of Franz Bardon, which we hope will inspire you to deepen your knowledge of astrology.

Since the birth time is unknown,, these portrait excerpts do not take into account the parameters derived from the time, which means, the domification (Ascendant, astrological houses, etc.). Nonetheless, these analyses remain accurate in any case.

Regarding the sources of the birth data in our possession, kindly note that the pages we publish constitute a starting point for more detailed research, even though they seem useful to us. When the sources are contradictory, which occurs rarely, after having analysed them, we choose the most reliable one. Sometimes, we publish a birth date just because it is made available, but we do not claim that is it the best one, by no means.