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Keith Gordon: Astrological Article and Chart

You will find below the horoscope of Keith Gordon with his interactive chart, an excerpt of his astrological portrait and his planetary dominants.

Keith Gordon
Date of birth
Friday, February 3, 1961 (time unknown)
City of birth
New York (NY) (United States)
Virgo
Capricorn
Aquarius
Signs
Saturn
Uranus
Pluto
Planets
Earth
Water
Elements
Chinese astrological sign
Metal Rat
22
Birth Path
Height
5' 8" (1m73) tall
Views
9,898

This chart is arbitrarily calculated for noon. If you know the time of birth of Keith Gordon, please send us your information with your source, at stars@astrotheme.com. To thank you, we shall be glad to send you the portrait (34 pages) of this celebrity, on demand.

Horoscopes having the same aspect Venus square Mars (orb 1°26'): Jodie Foster, Demi Lovato, Kate Moss, John Travolta, Aleister Crowley, Sean Penn, Kylian Mbappé, Serena Williams, Rob Kardashian... Find all the celebrities having this aspect.

Horoscopes having the same aspect Mercury trine Mars (orb 2°26'): Miley Cyrus, Jennifer Lopez, Jennifer Lawrence, William, Prince of Wales, Marion Cotillard, Khloe Kardashian, Edith Piaf, Emma Roberts, Elizabeth I of England... Find all the celebrities having this aspect.

Celebrities born the same day: Amal Clooney, Gertrude Stein, Isla Fisher, Daddy Yankee, Elizabeth Holmes, Simone Weil, Stéphane Le Foll, Romania, Sarah Kane... List of all the celebrities born on February 3.

Horoscopes having the Moon in 16° Virgo : Willem Dafoe, Régis Debray, Ricki Lake, David McCallum, Danny Kaye, Daphné Bürki, Alice Dona, André-Pierre Gignac, Ian Holm... List of all the celebrities having the Moon in 16° Virgo.

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Horoscope and chart of Keith Gordon

Astrology chart of Keith Gordon Horoscope and birth chart of Keith Gordon, born February 3, 1961 (time unknown), New York (NY) (United States) 11° 18' 21° 52' 23° 32' 14° 39' 28' 29' 02' 11° 38' 24° 09' 14' 25' 16° 36'
Select an object to display more information
Aries
Taurus
Gemini
Cancer
Leo
Virgo
Libra
Scorpio
Sagittarius
Capricorn
Aquarius
Pisces
Sun 14°39' Aquarius
Sun Aspects
Sun conjunction Midheaven orb 2°28'
Sun square Neptune orb 3°20'
Sun inconjunction Moon orb 1°56'
Sun sesqui-quadrate Mars orb 0°22'
Sun opposite Uranus orb 9°30'
Sun trine Ascendant orb 8°29'
Moon 16°36' Virgo
Moon Aspects
Moon trine Jupiter orb 5°15'
Sun inconjunction Moon orb 1°56'
Moon conjunction Pluto orb 9°11'
Moon trine Saturn orb 6°56'
Moon sextile Neptune orb 5°17'
Mercury 2°28' Pisces
Mercury Aspects
Mercury opposite Pluto orb 4°56'
Mercury square Ascendant orb 3°41'
Mercury trine Mars orb 2°26'
Mercury opposite Uranus orb 8°19'
Mercury semi-sextile Venus orb 0°59'
Venus 1°29' Aries
Venus Aspects
Venus square Mars orb 1°26'
Venus sextile Ascendant orb 4°40'
Mercury semi-sextile Venus orb 0°59'
Mars 0°02' Я Cancer
Mars Aspects
Mercury trine Mars orb 2°26'
Venus square Mars orb 1°26'
Sun sesqui-quadrate Mars orb 0°22'
Mars sextile Uranus orb 5°52'
Jupiter 21°52' Capricorn
Jupiter Aspects
Jupiter conjunction Saturn orb 1°40'
Moon trine Jupiter orb 5°15'
Jupiter sesqui-quadrate Pluto orb 0°32'
Jupiter sesqui-quadrate Ascendant orb 0°42'
Jupiter inconjunction Uranus orb 2°17'
Saturn 23°32' Capricorn
Saturn Aspects
Jupiter conjunction Saturn orb 1°40'
Saturn inconjunction Uranus orb 0°36'
Saturn quintile Neptune orb 0°13'
Moon trine Saturn orb 6°56'
Saturn sesqui-quadrate Pluto orb 1°07'
Saturn sesqui-quadrate Ascendant orb 2°22'
Uranus 24°09' Я Leo
Uranus Aspects
Saturn inconjunction Uranus orb 0°36'
Mercury opposite Uranus orb 8°19'
Sun opposite Uranus orb 9°30'
Jupiter inconjunction Uranus orb 2°17'
Mars sextile Uranus orb 5°52'
Neptune 11°18' Scorpio
Neptune Aspects
Neptune square Midheaven orb 0°52'
Sun square Neptune orb 3°20'
Saturn quintile Neptune orb 0°13'
Neptune sextile Pluto orb 3°53'
Moon sextile Neptune orb 5°17'
Pluto 7°25' Я Virgo
Pluto Aspects
Pluto square Ascendant orb 1°15'
Mercury opposite Pluto orb 4°56'
Moon conjunction Pluto orb 9°11'
Saturn sesqui-quadrate Pluto orb 1°07'
Jupiter sesqui-quadrate Pluto orb 0°32'
Neptune sextile Pluto orb 3°53'
North Node 6°14' Virgo
Lilith 11°38' Leo
Display Parameters
Calculation Parameters

Biography of Keith Gordon (excerpt)

Keith Gordon (born February 3, 1961) is an American actor, screenwriter and film director.
Life and career

Gordon was born in New York City, the son of Barbara, an actress, and Mark Gordon, an actor and stage director. He grew up in an atheist Jewish family and was inspired to become an actor at the age of twelve, after seeing James Earl Jones in a Broadway production of Of Mice and Men. As an actor, Gordon's first feature film was in the 1978 sequel film Jaws 2, as the class clown Doug, then his 1979 excellent turn as the young Joe Gideon (Roy Scheider) in All That Jazz.

Astrological portrait of Keith Gordon (excerpt)

Disclaimer: these short excerpts of astrological charts are computer processed. They are, by no means, of a personal nature. This principle is valid for the celebrities included in our database. These texts provide the meanings of planets, or combination of planets, in signs and in houses, as well as the interpretations of planetary dominants in line with modern Western astrology rules. Moreover, since Astrotheme is not a polemic website, no negative aspect which may damage the good reputation of a celebrity is posted here, unlike in the comprehensive astrological portrait.

Introduction

Here are some character traits from Keith Gordon's birth chart. This description is far from being comprehensive but it can shed light on his/her personality, which is still interesting for professional astrologers or astrology lovers.

N.B.: as this celebrity's birth time is unknown, the chart is arbitrarily calculated for 12:00 PM - the legal time for his/her place of birth; since astrological houses are not taken into account, this astrological profile excerpt is less detailed than those for which the birth time is known.

In a matter of minutes, you can get at your email address your astrological portrait (approximately 32 pages), a much more comprehensive report than this portrait of Keith Gordon.

The dominant planets of Keith Gordon

When interpreting a natal chart, the best method is to start gradually from general features to specific ones. Thus, there is usually a plan to be followed, from the overall analysis of the chart and its structure, to the description of its different character traits.

In the first part, an overall analysis of the chart enables us to figure out the personality's main features and to emphasize several points that are confirmed or not in the detailed analysis: in any case, those general traits are taken into account. Human personality is an infinitely intricate entity and describing it is a complex task. Claiming to rapidly summarize it is illusory, although it does not mean that it is an impossible challenge. It is essential to read a natal chart several times in order to absorb all its different meanings and to grasp all this complexity. But the exercise is worthwhile.

In brief, a natal chart is composed of ten planets: two luminaries, the Sun and the Moon, three fast-moving or individual planets, Mercury, Venus and Mars, two slow-moving planets, Jupiter and Saturn, and three very slow-moving planets, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Additional secondary elements are: the Lunar Nodes, the Dark Moon or Lilith, Chiron and other minor objects. They are all posited on the Zodiac wheel consisting of twelve signs, from Aries to Pisces, and divided into twelve astrological houses.

The first step is to evaluate the importance of each planet. This is what we call identifying the dominant planets. This process obeys rules that depend on the astrologer's sensitivity and experience but it also has precise and steady bases: thus, we can take into account the parameters of a planet's activity (the number of active aspects a planet forms, the importance of each aspect according to its nature and its exactness), angularity parameters; (proximity to the four angles, Ascendant, Midheaven, Descendant and Imum Coeli or Nadir, all of them being evaluated numerically, according to the kind of angle and the planet-angle distance) and quality parameters (rulership, exaltation, exile and fall). Finally, other criteria such as the rulership of the Ascendant and the Midheaven etc. are important.

These different criteria allow a planet to be highlighted and lead to useful conclusions when interpreting the chart.

The overall chart analysis begins with the observation of three sorts of planetary distributions in the chart: Eastern or Western hemisphere, Northern or Southern hemisphere, and quadrants (North-eastern, North-western, South-eastern and South-western). These three distributions give a general tone in terms of introversion and extraversion, willpower, sociability, and behavioural predispositions.

Then, there are three additional distributions: elements (called triplicity since there are three groups of signs for each one) - Fire, Air, Earth and Water - corresponding to a character typology, modality (or quadruplicity with four groups of signs for each one) - Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable - and polarity (Yin and Yang).

There are three types of dominants: dominant planets, dominant signs and dominant houses. The novice thinks astrology means only "to be Aries" or sometimes, for example, "to be Aries Ascendant Virgo". It is actually far more complex. Although the Sun and the Ascendant alone may reveal a large part of the character - approximately a third or a half of your psychological signature, a person is neither "just the Sun" (called the sign) nor just "the first house" (the Ascendant). Thus, a particular planet's influence may be significantly increased; a particular sign or house may contain a group of planets that will bring nuances and sometimes weaken the role of the Ascendant, of the Sun sign etc.

Lastly, there are two other criteria: accentuations (angular, succedent and cadent) which are a classification of astrological houses and types of decanates that are occupied (each sign is divided into three decanates of ten degrees each). They provide some additional informations.

These general character traits must not be taken literally; they are, somehow, preparing for the chart reading. They allow to understand the second part of the analysis, which is more detailed and precise. It focuses on every area of the personality and provides a synthesis of all the above-mentioned parameters according to sound hierarchical rules.

Warning: when the birth time is unknown, which is the case for Keith Gordon, a few paragraphs become irrelevant; distributions in hemispheres and quadrants are meaningless, so are dominant houses and houses' accentuations. Therefore, some chapters are removed from this part.

For all paragraphs, the criteria for valuation are calculated without taking into account angles and rulerships of the Ascendant and of the Midheaven. The methodology retains its validity, but it is less precise without a time of birth.

Elements and Modes for Keith Gordon

The Four Elements for Keith Gordon: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

Like the majority of Earth signs, Keith Gordon, you are efficient, concrete and not too emotional. What matters to you is what you see: you judge the tree by its fruits. Your ideas keep changing, words disappear, but actions and their consequences are visible and remain. Express your sensitivity, even if it means revealing your vulnerability. Emotions, energy and communication must not be neglected; concrete action is meaningless if it is not justified by your heart, your intellect or your enthusiasm.

The predominance of Water signs indicates high sensitivity and elevation through feelings, Keith Gordon. Your heart and your emotions are your driving forces, and you can't do anything on Earth if you don't feel a strong affective charge (as a matter of fact, the word "feeling" is essential in your psychology). You need to love in order to understand, and to feel in order to take action, which causes a certain vulnerability which you should fight against.

The twelve zodiacal signs are split up into three groups or modes, called quadruplicities, a learned word meaning only that these three groups include four signs. The Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable modes are more or less represented in your natal chart, depending on planets' positions and importance, and on angles in the twelve signs.

The Three Modes for Keith Gordon: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

The Mutable mode is the most emphasized one in your natal chart, Keith Gordon, which indicates a mobile character that is curious and thirsty for new experiences and evolution. You are lively and flexible, and you like to react quickly to solicitations, but don't confuse mobility with agitation, since this is the danger with this configuration - and with you, stagnation is out of the question. Security doesn't matter as long as you are not bored. You optimize, you change things, you change yourself... all this in a speedy way.

Dominants: Planets, Signs and Houses for Keith Gordon

The issue of dominant planets has existed since the mists of time in astrology: how nice it would be if a person could be described with a few words and one or several planets that would represent their character, without having to analyse such elements as rulerships, angularities, houses, etc!

The ten planets - the Sun throughout Pluto - are a bit like ten characters in a role-play, each one has its own personality, its own way of acting, its own strengths and weaknesses. They actually represent a classification into ten distinct personalities, and astrologers have always tried to associate one or several dominant planets to a natal chart as well as dominant signs and houses.

Indeed, it is quite the same situation with signs and houses. If planets symbolize characters, signs represent hues - the mental, emotional and physical structures of an individual. The sign in which a planet is posited is like a character whose features are modified according to the place where he lives. In a chart, there are usually one, two or three highlighted signs that allow to rapidly describe its owner.

Regarding astrological houses, the principle is even simpler: the twelve houses correspond to twelve fields of life, and planets tenanting any given house increase that house's importance and highlight all relevant life departments: it may be marriage, work, friendship etc.

In your natal chart, Keith Gordon, the ten main planets are distributed as follows:

Dominant Planets for Keith Gordon: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

The three most important planets in your chart are Saturn, Uranus and Pluto.

Saturn is part of your dominant planets: among the facets of your character, you have a grave and serious side, wise and somewhat severe, since your concentration can be powerful, to the detriment of carelessness and friendliness.

You often look austere, but it is only an appearance, a kind of modesty or reserve; however, it is true that the Saturnian, who is fond of time, effort, asceticism, rigour and sobriety, may have popularity issues. Nevertheless, honesty and straightforwardness, reliability, as well as slow, wise and deep mental process, although not very popular and visible qualities, eventually become noticed and appreciated. Saturnians' second part of life is usually easier and more fulfilling.

Like the Jupiterian, your Saturnian facet prompts you to seek the essential, security, and longevity. However, the difference with the former is that you will never give priority to wealth or "the bigger, the better" philosophy for the sake of power. Saturn, like Jupiter, symbolizes social integration, and it is usually considered positive to have a harmonic Jupiter and Saturn in one's chart because of their social adaptation capacities.

Your vulnerability lies in your too serious and austere side, which may lead to unwanted loneliness and affective frustration. This generally does not last because Saturnians often hide deep down a golden heart that ends up revealing itself...

Uranus is among your dominant planets: just like Neptune and Pluto, Uranian typology is less clearly defined than the so-called classical seven planets that are visible to the naked eye, from the Sun to Saturn. However, it is possible to associate your Uranian nature with a few clear characteristics: Uranus rhymes with independence, freedom, originality, or even rebelliousness and marginality, when things go wrong...

Uranus is Mercury's higher octave and as such, he borrows some of its traits of character; namely, a tendency to intellectualize situations and emotions with affective detachment, or at least jagged affectivity.

Therefore, you are certainly a passionate man who is on the lookout for any kind of action or revolutionary idea, and you are keen on new things. Uranians are never predictable, and it is especially when they are believed to be stable and well settled that... they change everything - their life, partner, and job! In fact, you are allergic to any kind of routine, although avoiding it must give way to many risks.

With Pluto as a dominant planet in your chart, you are a magnetic and mighty predator, like the Scorpio sign ruled by this planet, who needs to exert pressure on others in order to "test" them. You are always ready to evolve, to risk destruction for reconstruction - including your own - to live more intensely whilst imposing your secret authority on things and on people you encounter.

You may come across as wicked, cruel or too authoritarian, but actually you only follow your instinct, you sound people out, and you like to exert your domination simply because your vital energy is too powerful to remain inside. You are inclined to be passionate, with hidden motivations. You are sometimes misunderstood but one of your great Plutonian assets is to go successfully through each life ordeal with ever growing strength.

Dominant Signs for Keith Gordon: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

In your natal chart, the three most important signs - according to criteria mentioned above - are in decreasing order of strength Virgo, Capricorn and Aquarius. In general, these signs are important because your Ascendant or your Sun is located there. But this is not always the case: there may be a cluster of planets, or a planet may be near an angle other than the Midheaven or Ascendant. It may also be because two or three planets are considered to be very active because they form numerous aspects from these signs.

Thus, you display some of the three signs' characteristics, a bit like a superposition of features on the rest of your chart, and it is all the more so if the sign is emphasized.

Virgo, associated with perfectionism, numbers and reason, is among your dominant signs: you inherit its sense of responsibility and tidiness, a clear mind, an unfailing logic, as well as a need to be useful and to fulfil your task to the best of your abilities. Obviously, people may think that you are too modest or reserved, suspicious or pessimistic because of your exceedingly critical mind, but aren't logic and wisdom great qualities? Of course, they are. Moreover, you keep your feet on the ground, you never behave irrationally and you are helpful and hardworking - what more can you ask for?!

Capricorn is one of your dominant signs and endows you with a grave and serious style that seems to stick to you constantly. But if you have that reserved and cold side - as some extrovert people may think - on the other hand, you possess sturdy qualities: you are strong-willed and tough. Your long-term vision, your sense of duty, and your ambition are not affected by the derisory and erratic motions that seem to upset most mortals less steady than you. Besides, you are like a good wine, you age well and your natural solemnity or serious side paradoxically turns into an almost cheerful appearance, as you grow older. You are actually very sensitive when it comes to love. Faithful, caring, sweet, and sensitive, your behaviour is very different in your everyday, sentimental life. A golden heart beats under your tough and austere appearance...

Aquarius is one of the most important signs in your natal chart: it endows your personality - at least one of its facets - with originality, to the point of eccentricity, in spite of a sometimes distant and humane side. Likeable and impassive at the same time, you are a paradoxical man, very hard to define because the two planets Uranus and Saturn blend their qualities to create the so complicated and endearing sign that inspires your character. Saturn's seriousness and impassivity is added to Uranus' rebellion, talent, individualism, charisma, extravagance, and unpredictability! One of your main characteristics is that you never open up on a personal basis, but you tend to do so easily in public. You are actually quite strange. Sexy and charming in public, despite your nice and sociable character, you could frustrate many of your admirers in private because of your impossibility to show deep and warm affection, emotions, tears... But appearance and reality are two different things anyway - you are a kind of a genius, or you have at least a tremendous charm with this sign. You have many friends and an active social life. If you are detached in your love life - only in this aspect, since the rest of chart will confirm it or not - this is no big deal!

After this paragraph about dominant planets, of Keith Gordon, here are the character traits that you must read more carefully than the previous texts since they are very specific: the texts about dominant planets only give background information about the personality and remain quite general: they emphasize or, on the contrary, mitigate different particularities or facets of a personality. A human being is a complex whole and only bodies of texts can attempt to successfully figure out all the finer points.

The Moon in Virgo: his sensitivity

Votre sensibilité Keith Gordon semble dominée par la raison et vous avez tendance à vouloir analyser vos réactions émotionnelles dans les moindres détails, comme si vous cherchiez à les mettre à distance pour ne pas être submergé et affaibli par elles. Inquiet de nature, plutôt timide, vous n'aimez pas vous mettre en avant et manquez souvent de confiance en vous. Vous développez alors un perfectionnisme extrême où tout doit être examiné, organisé et planifié selon une certaine logique. Vous aimez rendre service et vous sentir utile, que ce soit pour la réalisation d'un travail bien fait ou tout simplement par l'apport de conseils judicieux et ingénieux mais vous pouvez aussi vous montrer très exigeant et critique voire même presque devenir insupportable tant vous savez insister et trouver toujours à redire à ce que disent ou font les autres. Apprenez à prendre confiance en vous et ne cherchez donc pas tout le temps la petite bête...

Mercury in Pisces: his intellect and social life

Votre pensée Keith Gordon fonctionne sur un mode plutôt instinctif et intuitif. Vous "ressentez" peut-être plus que vous ne comprenez, comme si votre raisonnement n'intervenait pas vraiment. Votre grande réceptivité et votre empathie naturelle vous rendent compréhensif, sympathique, chaleureux et bienveillant même si vous paraissez parfois quelque peu négligent, voire même insouciant. Facilement timide et anxieux, vous préférez vous effacer et vous isoler dans un lieu calme pour laisser libre cours à votre inspiration plutôt que de vous imposer. Bien que doté d'une vive imagination vous aurez parfois du mal à émerger du flot de vos pensées mystiques et irrationnelles et pourrez vous montrer encore plus inquiet et impressionnable. Apprenez donc à cultiver l'esprit logique et rationnel ainsi que la volonté, vous y gagnerez en confiance en soi et en créativité, vous verrez...

Venus in Aries and the Sun in Aquarius: his affectivity and seductiveness

Dans votre thème, le Soleil est en Verseau, Vénus en Bélier. La tradition prête au Bélier la fougue, au Verseau la liberté de penser et d'être. On insiste volontiers sur la naturelle complémentarité de ces deux Signes : une naïveté louable, une spontanéité jamais démentie... Voila assurément une configuration qui exclue la monotonie. Toute sollicitation nouvelle émeut et chasse du même coup les doutes. Cette faculté d'enchantement fait merveille lorsque le partenaire sait nourrir votre goût des situations inédites, voire insolites. Une relation se doit d'être renouvelée, réinventée encore et toujours. Pas de place ici pour les amours mortes ! Le désir présent se fait impératif (Vénus Bélier), l'avenir prometteur (Soleil Verseau). Tableau idyllique ? A moins que... vous ne sachiez vivre au quotidien cette soif d'émotions, que le "vilain mari tue le prince charmant" ou que la l'épouse modèle devienne statue de pierre. En rêvant et en désirant un amour en perpétuelle évolution, on s'expose à de cruelles désillusions : pourquoi les jours radieux ne viennent-ils jamais ou trop tard ? Les promesses d'hier restent-elles lettres mortes ? Revers de la médaille d'une affectivité en éveil, l'ennuie vous guette. Mais pour peu que vous sachiez l'éviter, votre tempérament exalté ne peut que faciliter un épanouissement affectif prometteur.}

Coup de foudre, feu de paille, impulsivité amoureuse ? Tout cela représente votre façon d'aimer Keith Gordon, ou plutôt de tomber amoureux et de garder tout au long de votre relation cette sorte de ressenti saccadé et vif qui peut paraître parfois un peu infantile ou en tout cas naïf  mais si généreux et gai ! Vous êtes indéniablement possessif et peu soucieux de ce que pense votre partenaire, mais heureusement, votre spontanéité et votre authenticité permettent facilement de vous faire pardonner. Quand l'intensité est là, tout va bien. Pas de romantisme ni de prise de tête avec vous, vous aimez avec ardeur et le seul risque pour votre couple, en dehors de quelques emballements - ou plutôt d'occasions et d'herbe tendre prises ici ou là - est que l'ennui s'installe et si c'est le cas, vous partirez sans le moindre regret et oublierez aussi vite ce qui vous consumait il y a peu de temps.

The Sun in Aquarius: his will and inner motivations

Mars in Cancer: his ability to take action

Plus sensible que vous est difficile, Keith Gordon, ce qui fait que vous pouvez souvent contenir une certaine agressivité que vous aurez en général du mal à extérioriser. Vous êtes habituellement plutôt passif et votre force tient davantage de l'inertie et de la résistance que du déploiement vers l'action. Vous êtes d'humeur changeante et comme vous ne montrez que peu de choses de vous, vous surprenez en réagissant à contre-temps, si tardivement alors que les autres n'ont plus le souvenir de ce qui vous avait troublé à l'origine. Le seul domaine où vous pouvez avec bonheur exprimer toute votre ardeur ou votre action est celui de votre foyer ou, dans un sens plus symbolique, dans le domaine que vous avez sécurisé auparavant : en d'autres mots, vous avez besoin de confiance pour agir, dans le domaine concret aussi bien que celui de votre sexualité.

Conclusion

This text is only an excerpt from the portrait of of Keith Gordon, which we hope will inspire you to deepen your knowledge of astrology.

Since the birth time is unknown,, these portrait excerpts do not take into account the parameters derived from the time, which means, the domification (Ascendant, astrological houses, etc.). Nonetheless, these analyses remain accurate in any case.

Regarding the sources of the birth data in our possession, kindly note that the pages we publish constitute a starting point for more detailed research, even though they seem useful to us. When the sources are contradictory, which occurs rarely, after having analysed them, we choose the most reliable one. Sometimes, we publish a birth date just because it is made available, but we do not claim that is it the best one, by no means.