Astrotheme
A New Approach to Astrology

Shannon Lee: Astrological Article and Chart

You will find below the horoscope of Shannon Lee with her interactive chart, an excerpt of her astrological portrait and her planetary dominants.

Shannon Lee
Date of birth
Saturday, April 19, 1969 (time unknown)
City of birth
Oakland (CA) (United States)
Aries
Gemini
Virgo
Signs
Moon
Mars
Sun
Planets
Fire
Earth
Elements
Chinese astrological sign
Earth Rooster
3
Birth Path
Height
5' 9" (1m75) tall
Views
19,600

This chart is arbitrarily calculated for noon. If you know the time of birth of Shannon Lee, please send us your information with your source, at stars@astrotheme.com. To thank you, we shall be glad to send you the portrait (34 pages) of this celebrity, on demand.

Horoscopes having the same aspect Sun conjunction Saturn (orb 0°51'): Al Pacino, Pink (singer), Richard Gere, Dakota Fanning, Robert Plant, Hayley Williams, Emma Chamberlain, Richard Burton, Sathya Sai Baba... Find all the celebrities having this aspect.

Horoscopes having the same aspect Venus trine Mars (orb 3°55'): Britney Spears, Elon Musk, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Mick Jagger, Cate Blanchett, Big Sean, Dave Grohl, Amanda Bynes... Find all the celebrities having this aspect.

Celebrities born the same day: James Franco, Evelyne Dheliat, Natalie Dessay, Kate Hudson, Hayden Christensen, Gad Elmaleh, Maria Sharapova, Ashley Judd, Jayne Mansfield... List of all the celebrities born on April 19.

Horoscopes having the Moon in 4° Gemini : Virgin Mary, Eddie Redmayne, Roger Moore, David Hasselhoff, Italian unification, Audrey Pulvar, Fairuza Balk, Johannes Kepler, Maître Philippe de Lyon... List of all the celebrities having the Moon in 4° Gemini.

Astrology DataBase on November 25, 2024 at 2:57 PM, CEST
70,612 people and events, 34,521 of which with a known time of birth
Horoscopes clicked on in real-time: 964,051,211 times

Horoscope and chart of Shannon Lee

Astrology chart of Shannon Lee Horoscope and birth chart of Shannon Lee, born April 19, 1969 (time unknown), Oakland (CA) (United States) 49' 28° 05' 16° 25' 29° 57' 12° 29' 28° 43' 29° 34' 11° 30' 50' 10° 08' 22° 53' 27° 45'
Select an object to display more information
Aries
Taurus
Gemini
Cancer
Leo
Virgo
Libra
Scorpio
Sagittarius
Capricorn
Aquarius
Pisces
Sun 29°34' Aries
Sun Aspects
Sun conjunction Saturn orb 0°51'
Sun conjunction Midheaven orb 2°08'
Sun inconjunction Uranus orb 1°14'
Sun inconjunction Neptune orb 1°29'
Sun sesqui-quadrate Mars orb 1°50'
Sun bi-quintile Pluto orb 0°41'
Sun inconjunction Jupiter orb 1°49'
Moon 4°50' Gemini
Moon Aspects
Moon trine Uranus orb 4°01'
Moon opposite Neptune orb 6°45'
Moon sextile Ascendant orb 3°04'
Moon trine Jupiter orb 7°05'
Mercury 11°30' Taurus
Mercury Aspects
Mercury square Ascendant orb 3°35'
Mercury sesqui-quadrate Jupiter orb 1°15'
Mercury semi-sextile Venus orb 0°58'
Mercury bi-quintile Mars orb 1°05'
Venus 12°29' Я Aries
Venus Aspects
Venus trine Mars orb 3°55'
Venus trine Ascendant orb 4°34'
Venus sesqui-quadrate Neptune orb 0°35'
Mercury semi-sextile Venus orb 0°58'
Mars 16°25' Sagittarius
Mars Aspects
Venus trine Mars orb 3°55'
Sun sesqui-quadrate Mars orb 1°50'
Mars square Pluto orb 6°28'
Mercury bi-quintile Mars orb 1°05'
Jupiter 27°45' Я Virgo
Jupiter Aspects
Jupiter conjunction Uranus orb 3°04'
Jupiter conjunction Pluto orb 4°52'
Jupiter sextile Neptune orb 0°19'
Jupiter inconjunction Midheaven orb 0°18'
Jupiter inconjunction Saturn orb 0°57'
Sun inconjunction Jupiter orb 1°49'
Mercury sesqui-quadrate Jupiter orb 1°15'
Moon trine Jupiter orb 7°05'
Saturn 28°43' Aries
Saturn Aspects
Sun conjunction Saturn orb 0°51'
Saturn conjunction Midheaven orb 1°16'
Saturn inconjunction Neptune orb 0°38'
Saturn bi-quintile Pluto orb 0°10'
Jupiter inconjunction Saturn orb 0°57'
Saturn inconjunction Uranus orb 2°06'
Uranus 0°49' Я Libra
Uranus Aspects
Jupiter conjunction Uranus orb 3°04'
Moon trine Uranus orb 4°01'
Sun inconjunction Uranus orb 1°14'
Uranus sextile Neptune orb 2°44'
Uranus conjunction Pluto orb 7°56'
Saturn inconjunction Uranus orb 2°06'
Neptune 28°05' Я Scorpio
Neptune Aspects
Moon opposite Neptune orb 6°45'
Jupiter sextile Neptune orb 0°19'
Neptune inconjunction Midheaven orb 0°38'
Saturn inconjunction Neptune orb 0°38'
Sun inconjunction Neptune orb 1°29'
Uranus sextile Neptune orb 2°44'
Venus sesqui-quadrate Neptune orb 0°35'
Neptune sextile Pluto orb 5°11'
Pluto 22°53' Я Virgo
Pluto Aspects
Jupiter conjunction Pluto orb 4°52'
Pluto semi-square Ascendant orb 0°01'
Uranus conjunction Pluto orb 7°56'
Saturn bi-quintile Pluto orb 0°10'
Sun bi-quintile Pluto orb 0°41'
Mars square Pluto orb 6°28'
Neptune sextile Pluto orb 5°11'
North Node 29°57' Я Pisces
Lilith 10°08' Я Cancer
Display Parameters
Calculation Parameters

Biography of Shannon Lee (excerpt)

Shannon Emery Lee (Chinese: 李香凝 born April 19, 1969) is an American actress. She is the daughter of martial artist and actor Bruce Lee and his widow Linda Lee Cadwell. Shannon's brother was the late actor Brandon Lee. Shannon was born in Los Angeles, California, the second child to Bruce and Linda (Emery) Lee. Shannon and her family lived in Hong Kong from 1971 to 1973, after which her mother moved back to the United States following the death of her father. She has Chinese, German, Swedish and English descent. Together, they lived in Seattle, Washington (Linda's hometown) and Los Angeles. Shannon grew up in the affluent area of Rolling Hills.

Astrological portrait of Shannon Lee (excerpt)

Disclaimer: these short excerpts of astrological charts are computer processed. They are, by no means, of a personal nature. This principle is valid for the celebrities included in our database. These texts provide the meanings of planets, or combination of planets, in signs and in houses, as well as the interpretations of planetary dominants in line with modern Western astrology rules. Moreover, since Astrotheme is not a polemic website, no negative aspect which may damage the good reputation of a celebrity is posted here, unlike in the comprehensive astrological portrait.

Introduction

Here are some character traits from Shannon Lee's birth chart. This description is far from being comprehensive but it can shed light on his/her personality, which is still interesting for professional astrologers or astrology lovers.

N.B.: as this celebrity's birth time is unknown, the chart is arbitrarily calculated for 12:00 PM - the legal time for his/her place of birth; since astrological houses are not taken into account, this astrological profile excerpt is less detailed than those for which the birth time is known.

In a matter of minutes, you can get at your email address your astrological portrait (approximately 32 pages), a much more comprehensive report than this portrait of Shannon Lee.

The dominant planets of Shannon Lee

When interpreting a natal chart, the best method is to start gradually from general features to specific ones. Thus, there is usually a plan to be followed, from the overall analysis of the chart and its structure, to the description of its different character traits.

In the first part, an overall analysis of the chart enables us to figure out the personality's main features and to emphasize several points that are confirmed or not in the detailed analysis: in any case, those general traits are taken into account. Human personality is an infinitely intricate entity and describing it is a complex task. Claiming to rapidly summarize it is illusory, although it does not mean that it is an impossible challenge. It is essential to read a natal chart several times in order to absorb all its different meanings and to grasp all this complexity. But the exercise is worthwhile.

In brief, a natal chart is composed of ten planets: two luminaries, the Sun and the Moon, three fast-moving or individual planets, Mercury, Venus and Mars, two slow-moving planets, Jupiter and Saturn, and three very slow-moving planets, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Additional secondary elements are: the Lunar Nodes, the Dark Moon or Lilith, Chiron and other minor objects. They are all posited on the Zodiac wheel consisting of twelve signs, from Aries to Pisces, and divided into twelve astrological houses.

The first step is to evaluate the importance of each planet. This is what we call identifying the dominant planets. This process obeys rules that depend on the astrologer's sensitivity and experience but it also has precise and steady bases: thus, we can take into account the parameters of a planet's activity (the number of active aspects a planet forms, the importance of each aspect according to its nature and its exactness), angularity parameters; (proximity to the four angles, Ascendant, Midheaven, Descendant and Imum Coeli or Nadir, all of them being evaluated numerically, according to the kind of angle and the planet-angle distance) and quality parameters (rulership, exaltation, exile and fall). Finally, other criteria such as the rulership of the Ascendant and the Midheaven etc. are important.

These different criteria allow a planet to be highlighted and lead to useful conclusions when interpreting the chart.

The overall chart analysis begins with the observation of three sorts of planetary distributions in the chart: Eastern or Western hemisphere, Northern or Southern hemisphere, and quadrants (North-eastern, North-western, South-eastern and South-western). These three distributions give a general tone in terms of introversion and extraversion, willpower, sociability, and behavioural predispositions.

Then, there are three additional distributions: elements (called triplicity since there are three groups of signs for each one) - Fire, Air, Earth and Water - corresponding to a character typology, modality (or quadruplicity with four groups of signs for each one) - Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable - and polarity (Yin and Yang).

There are three types of dominants: dominant planets, dominant signs and dominant houses. The novice thinks astrology means only "to be Aries" or sometimes, for example, "to be Aries Ascendant Virgo". It is actually far more complex. Although the Sun and the Ascendant alone may reveal a large part of the character - approximately a third or a half of your psychological signature, a person is neither "just the Sun" (called the sign) nor just "the first house" (the Ascendant). Thus, a particular planet's influence may be significantly increased; a particular sign or house may contain a group of planets that will bring nuances and sometimes weaken the role of the Ascendant, of the Sun sign etc.

Lastly, there are two other criteria: accentuations (angular, succedent and cadent) which are a classification of astrological houses and types of decanates that are occupied (each sign is divided into three decanates of ten degrees each). They provide some additional informations.

These general character traits must not be taken literally; they are, somehow, preparing for the chart reading. They allow to understand the second part of the analysis, which is more detailed and precise. It focuses on every area of the personality and provides a synthesis of all the above-mentioned parameters according to sound hierarchical rules.

Warning: when the birth time is unknown, which is the case for Shannon Lee, a few paragraphs become irrelevant; distributions in hemispheres and quadrants are meaningless, so are dominant houses and houses' accentuations. Therefore, some chapters are removed from this part.

For all paragraphs, the criteria for valuation are calculated without taking into account angles and rulerships of the Ascendant and of the Midheaven. The methodology retains its validity, but it is less precise without a time of birth.

Elements and Modes for Shannon Lee

The Four Elements for Shannon Lee: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

Shannon Lee, Fire is dominant in your natal chart and endows you with intuition, energy, courage, self-confidence, and enthusiasm! You are inclined to be passionate, you assert your willpower, you move forward, and come hell or high water, you achieve your dreams and your goals. The relative weakness of this element is the difficulty to step back or a kind of boldness that may prompt you to do foolish things.

Like the majority of Earth signs, Shannon Lee, you are efficient, concrete and not too emotional. What matters to you is what you see: you judge the tree by its fruits. Your ideas keep changing, words disappear, but actions and their consequences are visible and remain. Express your sensitivity, even if it means revealing your vulnerability. Emotions, energy and communication must not be neglected; concrete action is meaningless if it is not justified by your heart, your intellect or your enthusiasm.

Your natal chart shows a lack of the Water element, with only 7.14% instead of the average 25%. Whether you are aware of it or not, affective values bring about problems, for you or your close friends. In general, a lack of Water does not necessarily mean that you are unable to love as much as others do. However, you may find it difficult to express the deepness of your heart and of your feelings. In the best cases, you come to terms with it, you adjust, you manage to show more affection or, why not, you pretend to be really affected! In the worst cases, you get into the terrible habit of repressing these essential values and you tend to forget that they are the basis of the richest and strongest bonds between human beings.

The twelve zodiacal signs are split up into three groups or modes, called quadruplicities, a learned word meaning only that these three groups include four signs. The Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable modes are more or less represented in your natal chart, depending on planets' positions and importance, and on angles in the twelve signs.

The Three Modes for Shannon Lee: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

The Mutable mode is the most emphasized one in your natal chart, Shannon Lee, which indicates a mobile character that is curious and thirsty for new experiences and evolution. You are lively and flexible, and you like to react quickly to solicitations, but don't confuse mobility with agitation, since this is the danger with this configuration - and with you, stagnation is out of the question. Security doesn't matter as long as you are not bored. You optimize, you change things, you change yourself... all this in a speedy way.

Dominants: Planets, Signs and Houses for Shannon Lee

The issue of dominant planets has existed since the mists of time in astrology: how nice it would be if a person could be described with a few words and one or several planets that would represent their character, without having to analyse such elements as rulerships, angularities, houses, etc!

The ten planets - the Sun throughout Pluto - are a bit like ten characters in a role-play, each one has its own personality, its own way of acting, its own strengths and weaknesses. They actually represent a classification into ten distinct personalities, and astrologers have always tried to associate one or several dominant planets to a natal chart as well as dominant signs and houses.

Indeed, it is quite the same situation with signs and houses. If planets symbolize characters, signs represent hues - the mental, emotional and physical structures of an individual. The sign in which a planet is posited is like a character whose features are modified according to the place where he lives. In a chart, there are usually one, two or three highlighted signs that allow to rapidly describe its owner.

Regarding astrological houses, the principle is even simpler: the twelve houses correspond to twelve fields of life, and planets tenanting any given house increase that house's importance and highlight all relevant life departments: it may be marriage, work, friendship etc.

In your natal chart, Shannon Lee, the ten main planets are distributed as follows:

Dominant Planets for Shannon Lee: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

The three most important planets in your chart are the Moon, Mars and the Sun.

The Moon is one of the most important planets in your chart and endows you with a receptive, emotive, and imaginative nature. You have an innate ability to instinctively absorb atmospheres and impressions that nurture you, and as a result, you are often dreaming your life away rather than actually living it.

One of the consequences of your spontaneity may turn into popularity, or even fame: the crowd is a living and complex entity, and it always appreciates truth and sincerity rather than calculation and total self-control.

As a Lunar character, you find it difficult to control yourself, you have to deal with your moods, and you must be careful not to stay passive in front of events: nothing is handed on a plate, and although your sensitivity is rich, even richer than most people's, you must make a move and spare some of your energy for... action!

Mars is one of your dominant planets and provides you with its efficient energy and enthusiasm: with a powerful Mars in your chart, action - but also will and ability to undertake - is not an empty word for you. You are active, dynamic, willing to fight, courageous, and you are never afraid to move mountains, even though risks are part of the adventures that you start with determination.

However, your patience is not always up to your boldness and a kind of feverishness, or even anger, can tarnish the quality of your achievements. That would be a pity since the Marsian is a champion in matters of efficiency! Mars symbolizes display of action, conquering spirit that favours discipline and order - beware of not being fussy - and lies at the frontier between action and brutality, between conquest and potential aggressiveness.

One of the dominant planets in your birth chart is the Sun. He symbolizes will, magnetism, sense of honour and dignity. You are a Solar being, and you often display charismatic and leadership qualities. Your warmth and your persuasive power lead you far away from pettiness. You enjoy thinking big and, consequently, you move forward according to what you decide.

Your Solarian weakness may be related to the sin of pride or to excessive authority. The frontier between pride and vanity is tenuous: be careful not to overstep it and to keep the nobleness of heart that is part of your charm.

Dominant Signs for Shannon Lee: Astrology, Free Horoscope, Planets, Dominant Planets, Natal Chart

In your natal chart, the three most important signs - according to criteria mentioned above - are in decreasing order of strength Aries, Gemini and Virgo. In general, these signs are important because your Ascendant or your Sun is located there. But this is not always the case: there may be a cluster of planets, or a planet may be near an angle other than the Midheaven or Ascendant. It may also be because two or three planets are considered to be very active because they form numerous aspects from these signs.

Thus, you display some of the three signs' characteristics, a bit like a superposition of features on the rest of your chart, and it is all the more so if the sign is emphasized.

Arian blood runs through your veins! You have that enthusiasm, frankness, courage, and fastness which usually make you so likeable in spite of your somewhat rough, naive, or violent side. As a bonus, Aries' gushing fire always gives you the impetus to make a fresh start, should you stumble or undergo life hardship!

With Gemini as a dominant sign, your qualities include being lively, curious, mobile, clever, and flexible: you often make others dizzy, and you may come across as a dilettante - a bit inquisitive, shallow, and insensitive because you may be too intellectualizing. However, your natural curiosity, a nice quality, and your quick humour, allow you to demonstrate to everyone how much they may gain from your company, and that your apparent flightiness hides an appetite (particularly mental) for life, which itself conceals a terrific charm!

Virgo, associated with perfectionism, numbers and reason, is among your dominant signs: you inherit its sense of responsibility and tidiness, a clear mind, an unfailing logic, as well as a need to be useful and to fulfil your task to the best of your abilities. Obviously, people may think that you are too modest or reserved, suspicious or pessimistic because of your exceedingly critical mind, but aren't logic and wisdom great qualities? Of course, they are. Moreover, you keep your feet on the ground, you never behave irrationally and you are helpful and hardworking - what more can you ask for?!

After this paragraph about dominant planets, of Shannon Lee, here are the character traits that you must read more carefully than the previous texts since they are very specific: the texts about dominant planets only give background information about the personality and remain quite general: they emphasize or, on the contrary, mitigate different particularities or facets of a personality. A human being is a complex whole and only bodies of texts can attempt to successfully figure out all the finer points.

The Moon in Gemini: her sensitivity

Il y a chez vous Shannon Lee une tendance à garder les émotions à distance, comme s'il y avait un danger à en éprouver. Vous observez avec curiosité ce qui arrive et cherchez à comprendre et analyser d'une façon objective, logique et impersonnelle pour ensuite porter des jugements sûrs. Les contacts et la communication étant très importants pour vous Shannon Lee, vous pouvez user, voire abuser de la parole et souvent avec humour car c'est aussi une façon de vous détacher de vos sentiments. On pourra parfois alors vous trouver superficielle tant vous semblez avoir à dire sans réellement donner l'impression de vous impliquer, mais vous avez ce besoin d'être tout le temps en mouvement, de découvrir et de communiquer afin d'éviter d'éprouver de l'ennui. Seule, vous pouvez également passer des heures au milieu des livres pour nourrir votre pensée si avide de connaissances. Attention cependant à ne pas passer à côté de vos sentiments à force de privilégier les émotions... intellectuelles !

Mercury in Taurus: her intellect and social life

Votre esprit est calme et pondéré ; même si vous assimilez lentement les choses, votre mémoire est considérable. Votre jugement est basé sur la réflexion et la raison et s'appuie toujours sur l'expérience. Vous êtes, Shannon Lee, une bonne conseillère, quelqu'un sur qui l'on peut compter et à qui l'on peut se confier en toute discrétion. Pleine de bon sens, prudente, méthodique et disciplinée, vous pouvez mener à bien des projets constructifs, d'autant que vous serez souvent très déterminée dans vos opinions et vos actions. Mais une certaine tendance à l'intolérance et aux idées préconçues risque parfois de choquer votre entourage qui aimerait vous voir faire preuve de plus de souplesse au lieu de refuser en bloc tout ce qui n'est pas immédiatement vérifiable. Vous vous exprimez  généralement avec beaucoup de charme et cela vous permet certainement de mieux faire accepter à autrui vos habitudes bien établies.

Venus in Aries and the Sun in Aries: her affectivity and seductiveness

Dans votre thème, le Soleil et Vénus sont tous deux en Bélier. L'amour est un éternel recommencement... Bélier jusqu'aux bouts des ongles, vous êtes sensible aux sollicitations nouvelles, à la fraîcheur d'une première fois, aux rencontres ou aux situations inédites. Même lorsque votre couple a atteint une certaine longévité ! Vous savez en effet mieux que d'autres renouveler les sentiments amoureux, réinventer la passion des premiers instants. C'est du reste une nécessité pour vous que de créer ou recréer périodiquement un climat de fougue, de découverte et d'exaltation. Le risque est bien sûr de se heurter à la nécessaire inertie d'une vie commune, d'être en porte à faux avec les vicissitudes du quotidien. Voire, parfois, de ne pouvoir supporter la lente et inexorable usure de l'amour. Avec le temps, tout s'en va... Mais vous refusez de vous laisser envahir par l'érosion. Au point de provoquer tempêtes et tumultes divers s'il le faut ! La spontanéité dont vous faites preuve séduit et fatigue parfois. Difficile de rassasier la soif d'émotions dont votre affectivité se nourrit pourtant ! On l'aura compris, votre vie sentimentale ne peut être terne : exaltant ou inexistant, fort ou absent, l'amour se doit de conserver le caractère entier et combien exaltant d'une première fois. Les clés d'une relation durable résident alors dans la capacité de trouver à deux les moyens de réinventer le choc initial, le coup de foudre du premier jour.

Coup de foudre, feu de paille, impulsivité amoureuse ? Tout cela représente votre façon d'aimer Shannon Lee, ou plutôt de tomber amoureuse et de garder tout au long de votre relation cette sorte de ressenti saccadé et vif qui peut paraître parfois un peu infantile ou en tout cas naïf  mais si généreux et gai ! Vous êtes indéniablement possessive et peu soucieuse de ce que pense votre partenaire, mais heureusement, votre spontanéité et votre authenticité permettent facilement de vous faire pardonner. Quand l'intensité est là, tout va bien. Pas de romantisme ni de prise de tête avec vous, vous aimez avec ardeur et le seul risque pour votre couple, en dehors de quelques emballements - ou plutôt d'occasions et d'herbe tendre prises ici ou là - est que l'ennui s'installe et si c'est le cas, vous partirez sans le moindre regret et oublierez aussi vite ce qui vous consumait il y a peu de temps.

The Sun in Aries: her will and inner motivations

Mars in Sagittarius: her ability to take action

Shannon Lee, vous êtes une force de la nature et vous excellez souvent sur le plan sportif ; vous avez soif de conquêtes et vous vous lancez des défis de façon presque permanente. L'enthousiasme dont vous faites preuve dans toutes vos entreprises est parfaitement soutenu par vos conceptions morales et un idéalisme compatible avec les valeurs de la société dans laquelle vous vivez. Pragmatique, entreprenante mais parfois un peu naïve, vous ne vous souciez guère des détails et vous lancez dans de grands projets variés et aventureux où vous avez toutes les chances de parvenir à vos objectifs. Dans certains cas plus rares, vous pouvez canaliser votre grande énergie vers des voies plus philosophiques voire même spirituelles ou religieuses où toute votre fougue fera également merveille. Sur le plan sexuel, votre ardeur et votre spontanéité font merveille et le danger réside peut-être dans une certaine dispersion dans la mesure où vous pouvez oublier un peu toute notion de fidélité, notamment au cours de vos nombreux voyages lointains dont vous êtes si friande.

Conclusion

This text is only an excerpt from the portrait of of Shannon Lee, which we hope will inspire you to deepen your knowledge of astrology.

Since the birth time is unknown,, these portrait excerpts do not take into account the parameters derived from the time, which means, the domification (Ascendant, astrological houses, etc.). Nonetheless, these analyses remain accurate in any case.

Regarding the sources of the birth data in our possession, kindly note that the pages we publish constitute a starting point for more detailed research, even though they seem useful to us. When the sources are contradictory, which occurs rarely, after having analysed them, we choose the most reliable one. Sometimes, we publish a birth date just because it is made available, but we do not claim that is it the best one, by no means.