You will find below the horoscope of David Ginola with his interactive chart, an excerpt of his astrological portrait and his planetary dominants.
Additional information on the source of the birth time is sometimes available in the biography excerpt below.
Horoscopes having the same Big Three (Sun in Aquarius, Moon in Cancer, Ascendant in Taurus) : Nick Nolte, Linda Blair, Hermine de Clermont-Tonnerre, Fritjof Capra, Al Kooper, Joseph Nathan Kane, Eric Lindmann, Maxime Alexandre, Randy de Puniet... List of all the celebrities having the same Big Three.
Horoscopes having the same aspect Moon sextile Uranus (orb 0°01'): Jennifer Lopez, Timothée Chalamet, Charles III, Mel Gibson, William Shakespeare, Michael Fassbender, Zooey Deschanel, Muammar al-Gaddafi, John Wayne Gacy... Find all the celebrities having this aspect.
Horoscopes having the same aspect Moon trine Neptune (orb 0°02'): Keanu Reeves, Mahatma Gandhi, Prince (musician), Demi Lovato, Charlize Theron, Pink (singer), Tyra Banks, Katie Holmes, Winston Churchill... Find all the celebrities having this aspect.
Celebrities born the same day: Alicia Keys, Charlène, Princess of Monaco, Jean-Marc Ayrault, Clara Morgane, Virginia Woolf, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Calum Hood, Lucas Wong, John Belushi... List of all the celebrities born on January 25.
Horoscopes having the Moon in 24° Cancer : Shakira, Vanessa Paradis, Mac Miller, Amy Lee, Ethiopia, William Holden, Steve Wozniak, Vietnam, Jack Dempsey... List of all the celebrities having the Moon in 24° Cancer.
* A planet less than 1° from the next House cusp is considered to be posited in the said House. 2° when the AS and the MC are involved
David Ginola (born January 25, 1967) is a former French international football player and also a model.
Career
Born in Gassin (south-eastern France), Ginola played at club level for Toulon (1985-88), Racing Club Paris (1988-90), Brest (1990-92), Paris Saint-Germain (1992-95), Newcastle United (1995-97), Tottenham Hotspur (1997-2000), Aston Villa (2001-02) and Everton (2002). In 1999, he was named PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year, while playing for Tottenham Hotspur. He also won his one English domestic trophy with Spurs, the 1999 League Cup.
David Ginola is considered by many in the English Football world as one of the best wingers of all time due to his "magical" touch on the ball and his ability to get past players from any type of position and then manage to score a goal.
Disclaimer: these short excerpts of astrological charts are computer processed. They are, by no means, of a personal nature. This principle is valid for the celebrities included in our database. These texts provide the meanings of planets, or combination of planets, in signs and in houses, as well as the interpretations of planetary dominants in line with modern Western astrology rules. Moreover, since Astrotheme is not a polemic website, no negative aspect which may damage the good reputation of a celebrity is posted here, unlike in the comprehensive astrological portrait.
Here are some character traits from David Ginola's birth chart. This description is far from being comprehensive but it can shed light on his/her personality, which is still interesting for professional astrologers or astrology lovers.
In a matter of minutes, you can get at your email address your astrological portrait (approximately 32 pages), a much more comprehensive report than this portrait of David Ginola.
When interpreting a natal chart, the best method is to start gradually from general features to specific ones. Thus, there is usually a plan to be followed, from the overall analysis of the chart and its structure, to the description of its different character traits.
In the first part, an overall analysis of the chart enables us to figure out the personality's main features and to emphasize several points that are confirmed or not in the detailed analysis: in any case, those general traits are taken into account. Human personality is an infinitely intricate entity and describing it is a complex task. Claiming to rapidly summarize it is illusory, although it does not mean that it is an impossible challenge. It is essential to read a natal chart several times in order to absorb all its different meanings and to grasp all this complexity. But the exercise is worthwhile.
In brief, a natal chart is composed of ten planets: two luminaries, the Sun and the Moon, three fast-moving or individual planets, Mercury, Venus and Mars, two slow-moving planets, Jupiter and Saturn, and three very slow-moving planets, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Additional secondary elements are: the Lunar Nodes, the Dark Moon or Lilith, Chiron and other minor objects. They are all posited on the Zodiac wheel consisting of twelve signs, from Aries to Pisces, and divided into twelve astrological houses.
The first step is to evaluate the importance of each planet. This is what we call identifying the dominant planets. This process obeys rules that depend on the astrologer's sensitivity and experience but it also has precise and steady bases: thus, we can take into account the parameters of a planet's activity (the number of active aspects a planet forms, the importance of each aspect according to its nature and its exactness), angularity parameters; (proximity to the four angles, Ascendant, Midheaven, Descendant and Imum Coeli or Nadir, all of them being evaluated numerically, according to the kind of angle and the planet-angle distance) and quality parameters (rulership, exaltation, exile and fall). Finally, other criteria such as the rulership of the Ascendant and the Midheaven etc. are important.
These different criteria allow a planet to be highlighted and lead to useful conclusions when interpreting the chart.
The overall chart analysis begins with the observation of three sorts of planetary distributions in the chart: Eastern or Western hemisphere, Northern or Southern hemisphere, and quadrants (North-eastern, North-western, South-eastern and South-western). These three distributions give a general tone in terms of introversion and extraversion, willpower, sociability, and behavioural predispositions.
Then, there are three additional distributions: elements (called triplicity since there are three groups of signs for each one) - Fire, Air, Earth and Water - corresponding to a character typology, modality (or quadruplicity with four groups of signs for each one) - Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable - and polarity (Yin and Yang).
There are three types of dominants: dominant planets, dominant signs and dominant houses. The novice thinks astrology means only "to be Aries" or sometimes, for example, "to be Aries Ascendant Virgo". It is actually far more complex. Although the Sun and the Ascendant alone may reveal a large part of the character - approximately a third or a half of your psychological signature, a person is neither "just the Sun" (called the sign) nor just "the first house" (the Ascendant). Thus, a particular planet's influence may be significantly increased; a particular sign or house may contain a group of planets that will bring nuances and sometimes weaken the role of the Ascendant, of the Sun sign etc.
Lastly, there are two other criteria: accentuations (angular, succedent and cadent) which are a classification of astrological houses and types of decanates that are occupied (each sign is divided into three decanates of ten degrees each). They provide some additional informations.
These general character traits must not be taken literally; they are, somehow, preparing for the chart reading. They allow to understand the second part of the analysis, which is more detailed and precise. It focuses on every area of the personality and provides a synthesis of all the above-mentioned parameters according to sound hierarchical rules.
Each quadrant is a combination of the four hemispheres of your birth chart and relates to a character typology. The Southern hemisphere – the top of your chart, around the Midheaven – is associated with extraversion, action, and public life, whereas the Northern hemisphere prompts to introversion, reflexion, and private life. The Eastern hemisphere – the left part, around the Ascendant – is linked to your ego and your willpower, whereas the Western hemisphere indicates how other people influence you, and how flexible you are when you make a decision.
David Ginola, the diurnal South-eastern quadrant, consisting of the 10th, 11th and 12th houses, prevails in your chart: assertion and goals achievement are at the centre of your concerns. You are very keen to implement your dreams and your plans. You achieve your ambitions as soon as possible, whether through an active social life, highly charged friendly relations, or an urge to take actions in order to reap - in the eyes of the world, of course - the rewards of your dynamism. It is likely that spirituality or humanitarian actions are part of your motivations, sometimes at the price of some degree of isolation.
David Ginola, here are the graphs of your Elements and Modes, based on planets' position and angles in the twelve signs:
Cheers for communication and mobility, David Ginola! The predominance of Air signs in your chart favours and amplifies your taste for relations and for all kinds of short trips, whether real (travels) or symbolic (new ideas, mind speculations). You gain in flexibility and adaptability what you lose in self-assertion or in pragmatism.
The predominance of Water signs indicates high sensitivity and elevation through feelings, David Ginola. Your heart and your emotions are your driving forces, and you can't do anything on Earth if you don't feel a strong affective charge (as a matter of fact, the word "feeling" is essential in your psychology). You need to love in order to understand, and to feel in order to take action, which causes a certain vulnerability which you should fight against.
Fire's qualities are not very present in your chart, with only 0.00% instead of the average 25%, which means that you may lack warmth, enthusiasm, conquering spirit, or energy. You may look indifferent to others, with almost no desire, no joy of life or no enterprising ability. Actually, it is not true, but you should let go, force yourself to be more daring, and show your amazement as well as your vitality. You certainly have as much energy as others, you just need to release it, and it is up to you to display more of it, since it will be all to your benefit: shout, sing, pull faces, dance! That's the right mean for you... In the end, you'll never be accused of being sad, phlegmatic or a killjoy!
The twelve zodiacal signs are split up into three groups or modes, called quadruplicities, a learned word meaning only that these three groups include four signs. The Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable modes are more or less represented in your natal chart, depending on planets' positions and importance, and on angles in the twelve signs.
The Fixed mode corresponds to a majority of elements in your chart, David Ginola, and represents the desire for security and durability: you are able to concretely appreciate a situation and its stability. You definitely prefer to play the role of a loyal, obstinate and hard-working person, rather than to try new and risky experiences - beware, however, not to confuse obstinacy with intransigence. You structure, cement, and strengthen everything you find on your way: it is your nature, although you are not especially interested in swiftness: slow and steady...
Houses are split up into three groups: angular, succedent and cadent.
The first ones are the most important ones, the most "noticeable" and energetic houses. They are the 1st, 4th, 7th and 10th houses. Their cuspides correspond to four famous angles: Ascendant for the 1st house, Imum Coeli for the 4th house, Descendant, opposite the Ascendant, for the 7th house and Midheaven for the 10th house, opposite the Imum Coeli.
Planets are evaluated according to a whole set of criteria that includes comprehensive Western astrology rules. At their turn, planets emphasize specific types of houses, signs, repartitions etc., as previously explained.
Your angular houses, namely, the 1st, 4th, 7th and 10th houses, are very emphasized in your chart, David Ginola: according to the Tradition, they are the strongest and most dynamic houses. Should the rest of your chart concur, angular houses suggest that you are an enterprising, energetic and assertive man. Indeed, angular houses are said to generate impulsions and to give a powerful and domineering personality.
Unusual fates are often linked to a predominance of angular houses, but this is only a partial indication...
N.B.: this dominant is a minor one.
The issue of dominant planets has existed since the mists of time in astrology: how nice it would be if a person could be described with a few words and one or several planets that would represent their character, without having to analyse such elements as rulerships, angularities, houses, etc!
The ten planets - the Sun throughout Pluto - are a bit like ten characters in a role-play, each one has its own personality, its own way of acting, its own strengths and weaknesses. They actually represent a classification into ten distinct personalities, and astrologers have always tried to associate one or several dominant planets to a natal chart as well as dominant signs and houses.
Indeed, it is quite the same situation with signs and houses. If planets symbolize characters, signs represent hues - the mental, emotional and physical structures of an individual. The sign in which a planet is posited is like a character whose features are modified according to the place where he lives. In a chart, there are usually one, two or three highlighted signs that allow to rapidly describe its owner.
Regarding astrological houses, the principle is even simpler: the twelve houses correspond to twelve fields of life, and planets tenanting any given house increase that house's importance and highlight all relevant life departments: it may be marriage, work, friendship etc.
In your natal chart, David Ginola, the ten main planets are distributed as follows:
The three most important planets in your chart are the Moon, Neptune and Jupiter.
The Moon is one of the most important planets in your chart and endows you with a receptive, emotive, and imaginative nature. You have an innate ability to instinctively absorb atmospheres and impressions that nurture you, and as a result, you are often dreaming your life away rather than actually living it.
One of the consequences of your spontaneity may turn into popularity, or even fame: the crowd is a living and complex entity, and it always appreciates truth and sincerity rather than calculation and total self-control.
As a Lunar character, you find it difficult to control yourself, you have to deal with your moods, and you must be careful not to stay passive in front of events: nothing is handed on a plate, and although your sensitivity is rich, even richer than most people's, you must make a move and spare some of your energy for... action!
With Neptune as one of your three dominant planets, you are a secretive and ambiguous person, often confused or unclear about your own motivations! Indeed, you are endowed with unlimited imagination and inspiration, as well as with an extreme sensibility that may turn you into a psychic or a clairvoyant. On the other hand, your impressionability is such that you may have difficulties in separating what is concrete and solid from illusions or dreams.
A mystic, a visionary or a poet, you daydream, like any Neptunian, and you see what few people only can see, all of this being shrouded in aesthetic mists when you are fired with enthusiasm.
A boundless, infinity-loving man like you is inevitably likely to be more vulnerable and easily hurt because of your acute perception of events. In such cases, you are hit full in the face, and you may sink into gloomy daydreamings and dark melancholy.
That said, this mysterious aura definitely gives you an indefinable charm in the eyes of your close friends who are often fascinated by your unique ability to feel and to see what ordinary people can never see!
Jupiter, the planet of expansion, organization, power and benevolence, is quite emphasized in your chart. Like any Jupiterian, you are warm, open, sociable, consensual, active and optimistic. You can use your self-confidence to erase differences of opinion, and you leave the task of analyzing and perfecting things to specialists. Your role, and you know it since you were young, is to gather, to demonstrate your synthesizing and conciliatory mind, and to naturally reap its fruits - power.
You appreciate legality, social order but also order in general. With you as a leader, every plan or human entity can be organized and structured. You excel at supervising. The Jupiterian type is indeed the politician par excellence, and a positive Jupiter in your chart is synonymous with good integration into society, whatever the chosen path.
Is this idyllic picture really perfect? Certainly not: each planet's typology has its own weaknesses. One of yours is pride, like the Solarian, but your will of expansion at all costs may generate a form of exaggeration in everything, endless pleasure, inappropriate self-confidence that could lead you to rough materialism and the thirst for absurd material comfort - in the worst cases, of course.
In your natal chart, the three most important signs - according to criteria mentioned above - are in decreasing order of strength Aquarius, Cancer and Taurus. In general, these signs are important because your Ascendant or your Sun is located there. But this is not always the case: there may be a cluster of planets, or a planet may be near an angle other than the Midheaven or Ascendant. It may also be because two or three planets are considered to be very active because they form numerous aspects from these signs.
Thus, you display some of the three signs' characteristics, a bit like a superposition of features on the rest of your chart, and it is all the more so if the sign is emphasized.
Aquarius is one of the most important signs in your natal chart: it endows your personality - at least one of its facets - with originality, to the point of eccentricity, in spite of a sometimes distant and humane side. Likeable and impassive at the same time, you are a paradoxical man, very hard to define because the two planets Uranus and Saturn blend their qualities to create the so complicated and endearing sign that inspires your character. Saturn's seriousness and impassivity is added to Uranus' rebellion, talent, individualism, charisma, extravagance, and unpredictability! One of your main characteristics is that you never open up on a personal basis, but you tend to do so easily in public. You are actually quite strange. Sexy and charming in public, despite your nice and sociable character, you could frustrate many of your admirers in private because of your impossibility to show deep and warm affection, emotions, tears... But appearance and reality are two different things anyway - you are a kind of a genius, or you have at least a tremendous charm with this sign. You have many friends and an active social life. If you are detached in your love life - only in this aspect, since the rest of chart will confirm it or not - this is no big deal!
Cancer is one of your dominant signs and endows you with imagination and exceptionally shrewd sensitivity. Although suspicious at first sight - and even at second...- as soon as you get familiar with people and let them win your confidence, your golden heart eventually shows up, despite your discretion and your desire for security that make you return into your shell at the slightest alert! Actually, you are a poet and if you are sometimes blamed for your nostalgia and your laziness, it is because your intense inner life is at full throttle...
With the Taurus sign so important in your chart, you are constructive, stable, and sensual. Good taste, sense of beauty, manners, and unfailing good sense - all these qualities contribute to your charm and seductive power. Furthermore, if some people criticize your slow pace and your stubbornness, you rightly reply that this is the price for your security, and that you like the way it is - slow and steady....
The 10th, 3rd and 5th houses are the most prominent ones in your birth chart. From the analysis of the most tenanted houses, the astrologer identifies your most significant fields or spheres of activity. They deal with what you are experiencing - or what you will be brought to experience one day - or they deal with your inner motivations.
With a prominent 10th house, your destiny's achievement may be very notable: the 10th house represents your career, your public life, and your ambitions. A good deal of your energy may thus be used to successfully implement what you have in mind. Instinctively, you are very keen to make your dreams come true. Sooner or later, you will deal with the public, and your personal achievement will go through trials and ordeals: other people and visible actions.
As the 3rd house is one of the most important houses in your chart, communication plays a major role in your life or in your deep motivations: frequent short trips, open-mindedness - which may offset a lack of mutable signs for instance - listening, discussion, interest in learning, knowledge accumulation or long-term studies, etc., are all areas that greatly appeal to you and are part of your daily life.
The 5th house is one of your dominant houses: hobbies, love life, sports, and games, including speculation and all kinds of entertainment, are fields that you actually take seriously! On a more subtle level, artistic creation as well as other forms of creation - including begetting children - could be one of your assets. You gain from taking part in leisure associations and various activity clubs in which a catchword resounds more than for most people: pleasure.
After this paragraph about dominant planets, of David Ginola, here are the character traits that you must read more carefully than the previous texts since they are very specific: the texts about dominant planets only give background information about the personality and remain quite general: they emphasize or, on the contrary, mitigate different particularities or facets of a personality. A human being is a complex whole and only bodies of texts can attempt to successfully figure out all the finer points.
Affectivité et intuition étant chez vous très développées, vous êtes David Ginola, très sensible à votre environnement. Vous "ressentez" les ambiances, les humeurs et les sentiments d'autrui et lorsque vous captez des influences négatives vous en éprouvez une sorte de malaise qui affecte immédiatement tout votre être, d'autant plus facilement que votre vive imagination risque de vous déstabiliser encore plus en amplifiant votre réceptivité. De nature anxieuse, vous vous inquiétez facilement pour votre entourage et vous efforcez de créer pour eux une atmosphère familiale rassurante, une sorte de bulle où vous trouverez aussi le réconfort chaleureux qui vous est si nécessaire et où vous pourrez paresser à loisir. Mais à trop vous préoccuper du bien-être de vos proches, il se peut que l'on vous reproche d'être trop envahissant et de tenter parfois, par un subtil chantage affectif, de régenter leur vie. Faites-leur confiance... et apprenez vous aussi à vous faire davantage confiance !
Vif, parfois même agité, David Ginola, vos pensées sont vagabondes, fluctuantes et fécondes : vous vous intéressez à beaucoup de choses, et cet aspect touche-à-tout fait sans doute partie de votre charme naturel, même s'il peut être au détriment d'une certaine capacité à vous concentrer longtemps et... (excerpt)
Vous êtes David Ginola un "libre-penseur" qui appréhendez les problèmes avec un esprit rapide et efficace. Liberté, progrès et originalité sont vos moteurs. Résolument tourné vers l'avenir, vous faites preuve d'ingéniosité et d'inventivité pour réformer ce qui n'a plus lieu d'être et innover sans cesse : psychologie, informatique, nouvelles technologies... n'ont presque plus de secret pour vous. Doté de qualités humaines et idéalistes évidentes, vous êtes un interlocuteur fort sympathique et très intéressant, même si l'on peut parfois vous reprocher votre côté rebelle et révolutionnaire. En effet, un esprit de contradiction assez développé semble vous animer : vous pensez rarement comme tout le monde et au risque de vous montrer obstiné, intransigeant et désagréable, vous le dites ! Au lieu de provoquer de soudaines ruptures amicales apprenez plutôt à persévérer dans vos efforts et laissez s'exprimer davantage votre potentiel créatif quand vous ressentirez une trop grande tension nerveuse.
Votre esprit vif et conciliant est au service de votre carrière, David Ginola. Grâce à votre mobilité naturelle, vous vous adaptez en permanence pour vous glisser au mieux aux postes que vous convoitez et votre réussite professionnelle est souvent due à votre capacité à comprendre que changer,... (excerpt)
Dans votre thème, le Soleil et Vénus sont tous deux en Verseau. L'affectivité se situe d'emblée hors des lieux communs et des sentiers battus. Idéaliste jusqu'au bout des ongles, vous rêvez une vie sentimentale chaque jours renouvelée, exaltante, surprenante... Il vous faudra certes parfois modérer les élans du coeur, revenir à une réalité froide et implacable. Mais sans doute trouverez-vous en toutes circonstances des raisons d'espérer un avenir radieux, de magnifier et d'idéaliser la relation. Etre aimé de vous n'est sans doute pas de tout repos. Il vous faut en effet pouvoir estimer, voire admirer votre partenaire. Que celui-ci cesse de vous surprendre, et voila que l'amour rêvé perd soudain son aura. Autant vous savez faire preuve d'une générosité sans limites lorsque le coeur vibre, autant êtes-vous capable d'une certaine intransigeance quand les illusions tombent. Affectivité exigeante, qui ne saurait se satisfaire de l'a-peu-près. La force d'une telle configuration réside dans la faculté de s'émouvoir, de s'émerveiller au contact de l'autre. Aveugle à ses défauts, sourd aux calomnies dont votre partenaire fait peut-être l'objet, vous vous laissez volontiers griser par la passion. Plus tard, l'idylle se mue en amitié, la relation amoureuse en fraternité. Mais jamais ne cesse l'étonnement des premiers instants, parce que l'amour est toujours à venir... Et gare à qui ne sait pas nourrir cette flamme !
Beaucoup plus cérébral et amical que vraiment passionné dans le domaine amoureux, vous êtes, David Ginola, plutôt fait pour l'amitié amoureuse, les sentiments fins et légers où chacun garde sa liberté et peut-être presque un détachement et une absence d'implication réelle. Parfois, vous pouvez rester un certain temps distant et absolument indifférent aux affaires de coeur, complètement mobilisé par vos activités intellectuelles originales ou vos projets humanitaires dans une ambiance collective que vous affectionnez tant. Vous substituez ainsi à la relation amoureuse un grand nombre de contacts amicaux et légers et il faut dire que souvent, cela vous suffit. Pour que vous tombiez amoureux, vous avez besoin d'un peu de piment, une dose de surprise et d'admiration pour l'originalité de votre partenaire ; à ces conditions, vous pouvez fort bien exprimer vos sentiments et les vivre pleinement dans une ambiance sans contraintes ou le respect de la liberté est parfaitement partagé dans votre couple.
Avec une telle configuration et en l'absence de tensions avec d'autres planètes dans votre thème, vous êtes prédisposé David Ginola, à créer un lien entre votre carrière et le domaine sentimental, même si cela peut prendre différentes formes : vous pouvez ainsi avoir la faveur et l'appui... (excerpt)
The ruler of the Ascendant, also referred to as the chart ruler, brings a few interesting nuances to the meanings provided by the Sun and the Ascendant. The sign in which the ruler of the Ascendant is posited fine-tunes the style of personality described by the Sun and the Ascendant. It may strengthen it if the sign is identical to either of them.
The ruler of your Ascendant is in the same sign as your Sun. This specific feature means that the Sun's characteristics in sign previously delineated are strengthened.
David Ginola, votre besoin d'affirmation est très fort et s'oriente clairement vers la réussite de votre destin social ou professionnel, ou, du moins, vers une élévation importante par rapport à votre milieu d'origine; vos efforts, votre volonté et vos buts sont parfaitement définis dans votre esprit :... (excerpt)
David Ginola, on ne peut pas dire que vous êtes spécialement agressif ! En réalité, il en faut généralement beaucoup pour vous puissiez exprimer votre colère car vous êtes plutôt du genre hésitant et peu enclin à prendre des risques ; en fait vous avez par dessus tout horreur de la violence et vous préférez laisser faire plutôt que d'intervenir. La modération et la juste mesure en toute chose ont nettement votre préférence. Un des rares domaines qui peut déclencher votre départ en guerre est peut-être lorsque vous constatez une grande injustice, qu'elle concerne vous-même ou quelqu'un de faible et désarmé. Dans le domaine de l'action comme celui de la sexualité, vous n'êtes pas spécialement impulsif et préférez nettement que votre partenaire vous montre la voie à suivre, avec sérénité et douceur si possible. A vrai dire, les formes et caractéristiques de votre libido sont beaucoup conditionnées par le reste de votre personnalité.
C'est dans le contexte quotidien de votre travail que vous vous montrez le plus actif et batailleur, David Ginola. Ou dans votre vie quotidienne tout simplement si vous ne travaillez pas. Vous avez une grande capacité de travail, vous vous donnez à fond dans le service aux autres... (excerpt)
This text is only an excerpt from the portrait of of David Ginola, which we hope will inspire you to deepen your knowledge of astrology.
Regarding the sources of the birth data in our possession, kindly note that the pages we publish constitute a starting point for more detailed research, even though they seem useful to us. When the sources are contradictory, which occurs rarely, after having analysed them, we choose the most reliable one. Sometimes, we publish a birth date just because it is made available, but we do not claim that is it the best one, by no means.