Philippe Gardent: Astrological Article and Chart

Horoscope and chart of Philippe Gardent

^* A planet less than 1° from the next House cusp is considered to be posited in the said House. 2° when the AS and the MC are involved

Astrological portrait of Philippe Gardent (excerpt)

Disclaimer: these short excerpts of astrological charts are computer processed. They are, by no means, of a personal nature. This principle is valid for the celebrities included in our database. These texts provide the meanings of planets, or combination of planets, in signs and in houses, as well as the interpretations of planetary dominants in line with modern Western astrology rules. Moreover, since Astrotheme is not a polemic website, no negative aspect which may damage the good reputation of a celebrity is posted here, unlike in the comprehensive astrological portrait.

Introduction

Here are some character traits from Philippe Gardent's birth chart. This description is far from being comprehensive but it can shed light on his/her personality, which is still interesting for professional astrologers or astrology lovers.

The dominant planets of Philippe Gardent

When interpreting a natal chart, the best method is to start gradually from general features to specific ones. Thus, there is usually a plan to be followed, from the overall analysis of the chart and its structure, to the description of its different character traits.

In the first part, an overall analysis of the chart enables us to figure out the personality's main features and to emphasize several points that are confirmed or not in the detailed analysis: in any case, those general traits are taken into account. Human personality is an infinitely intricate entity and describing it is a complex task. Claiming to rapidly summarize it is illusory, although it does not mean that it is an impossible challenge. It is essential to read a natal chart several times in order to absorb all its different meanings and to grasp all this complexity. But the exercise is worthwhile.

In brief, a natal chart is composed of ten planets: two luminaries, the Sun and the Moon, three fast-moving or individual planets, Mercury, Venus and Mars, two slow-moving planets, Jupiter and Saturn, and three very slow-moving planets, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Additional secondary elements are: the Lunar Nodes, the Dark Moon or Lilith, Chiron and other minor objects. They are all posited on the Zodiac wheel consisting of twelve signs, from Aries to Pisces, and divided into twelve astrological houses.

The first step is to evaluate the importance of each planet. This is what we call identifying the dominant planets. This process obeys rules that depend on the astrologer's sensitivity and experience but it also has precise and steady bases: thus, we can take into account the parameters of a planet's activity (the number of active aspects a planet forms, the importance of each aspect according to its nature and its exactness), angularity parameters; (proximity to the four angles, Ascendant, Midheaven, Descendant and Imum Coeli or Nadir, all of them being evaluated numerically, according to the kind of angle and the planet-angle distance) and quality parameters (rulership, exaltation, exile and fall). Finally, other criteria such as the rulership of the Ascendant and the Midheaven etc. are important.

These different criteria allow a planet to be highlighted and lead to useful conclusions when interpreting the chart.

The overall chart analysis begins with the observation of three sorts of planetary distributions in the chart: Eastern or Western hemisphere, Northern or Southern hemisphere, and quadrants (North-eastern, North-western, South-eastern and South-western). These three distributions give a general tone in terms of introversion and extraversion, willpower, sociability, and behavioural predispositions.

Then, there are three additional distributions: elements (called triplicity since there are three groups of signs for each one) - Fire, Air, Earth and Water - corresponding to a character typology, modality (or quadruplicity with four groups of signs for each one) - Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable - and polarity (Yin and Yang).

There are three types of dominants: dominant planets, dominant signs and dominant houses. The novice thinks astrology means only "to be Aries" or sometimes, for example, "to be Aries Ascendant Virgo". It is actually far more complex. Although the Sun and the Ascendant alone may reveal a large part of the character - approximately a third or a half of your psychological signature, a person is neither "just the Sun" (called the sign) nor just "the first house" (the Ascendant). Thus, a particular planet's influence may be significantly increased; a particular sign or house may contain a group of planets that will bring nuances and sometimes weaken the role of the Ascendant, of the Sun sign etc.

Lastly, there are two other criteria: accentuations (angular, succedent and cadent) which are a classification of astrological houses and types of decanates that are occupied (each sign is divided into three decanates of ten degrees each). They provide some additional informations.

These general character traits must not be taken literally; they are, somehow, preparing for the chart reading. They allow to understand the second part of the analysis, which is more detailed and precise. It focuses on every area of the personality and provides a synthesis of all the above-mentioned parameters according to sound hierarchical rules.

Astrological Quadrants for Philippe Gardent

Each quadrant is a combination of the four hemispheres of your birth chart and relates to a character typology. The Southern hemisphere – the top of your chart, around the Midheaven – is associated with extraversion, action, and public life, whereas the Northern hemisphere prompts to introversion, reflexion, and private life. The Eastern hemisphere – the left part, around the Ascendant – is linked to your ego and your willpower, whereas the Western hemisphere indicates how other people influence you, and how flexible you are when you make a decision.

Philippe Gardent, the diurnal South-western quadrant, consisting of the 7th, 8th and 9th houses, prevails in your chart: this sector brings about a thirst for communication and sometimes a need to take risks in your dealings with others. Relations are a factor of your evolution and your transformation, which you accept serenely. Indeed, what matters to you is the movement and the energy that link you to others and that make you gain more awareness. A kind of rebellion or a desire to get away from it all is rooted in you.

Elements, Modes and House Accentuations for Philippe Gardent

Philippe Gardent, here are the graphs of your Elements and Modes, based on planets' position and angles in the twelve signs:

The predominance of Water signs indicates high sensitivity and elevation through feelings, Philippe Gardent. Your heart and your emotions are your driving forces, and you can't do anything on Earth if you don't feel a strong affective charge (as a matter of fact, the word "feeling" is essential in your psychology). You need to love in order to understand, and to feel in order to take action, which causes a certain vulnerability which you should fight against.

Philippe Gardent, Fire is dominant in your natal chart and endows you with intuition, energy, courage, self-confidence, and enthusiasm! You are inclined to be passionate, you assert your willpower, you move forward, and come hell or high water, you achieve your dreams and your goals. The relative weakness of this element is the difficulty to step back or a kind of boldness that may prompt you to do foolish things.

Air is under-represented in your natal chart, with only 3.44% instead of the average 25%. Air symbolizes the values of communication, exchanges with others, but also adaptability and flexibility abilities: if you don't get out of your cocoon to talk, to show interest in others, and to socialize, you may have problems understanding others. Because of your lack of flexibility or of your refusal to adapt yourself, you may be suddenly overwhelmed by events. You should get into the habit of talking, of phoning, and of thinking in terms of "mobility, flexibility, adaptability, change" in every circumstance. It will spare you so many troubles!

The twelve zodiacal signs are split up into three groups or modes, called quadruplicities, a learned word meaning only that these three groups include four signs. The Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable modes are more or less represented in your natal chart, depending on planets' positions and importance, and on angles in the twelve signs.

The Mutable mode is the most emphasized one in your natal chart, Philippe Gardent, which indicates a mobile character that is curious and thirsty for new experiences and evolution. You are lively and flexible, and you like to react quickly to solicitations, but don't confuse mobility with agitation, since this is the danger with this configuration - and with you, stagnation is out of the question. Security doesn't matter as long as you are not bored. You optimize, you change things, you change yourself... all this in a speedy way.

Houses are split up into three groups: angular, succedent and cadent.

The first ones are the most important ones, the most "noticeable" and energetic houses. They are the 1st, 4th, 7th and 10th houses. Their cuspides correspond to four famous angles: Ascendant for the 1st house, Imum Coeli for the 4th house, Descendant, opposite the Ascendant, for the 7th house and Midheaven for the 10th house, opposite the Imum Coeli.

Planets are evaluated according to a whole set of criteria that includes comprehensive Western astrology rules. At their turn, planets emphasize specific types of houses, signs, repartitions etc., as previously explained.

Cadent houses, namely the 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th houses, are very emphasized in your chart, Philippe Gardent. They indicate important potential for communication, adaptability and flexibility. These houses are symbolically linked to the mind and intellect. The relative weakness implied by these characteristics indicates your tendency to hesitate or to be indecisive, but also your remarkable ability to start off again, which is a nice quality, finally: you can easily get yourself out of a tight spot thanks to your mobility and casualness, in the best sense of the term. This group of houses corresponds to evolutionary characteristics of your personality. However, they are only indications and you must include them in the rest of your chart in order to see whether they are validated or not!

N.B.: this dominant is a minor one.

Dominants: Planets, Signs and Houses for Philippe Gardent

The issue of dominant planets has existed since the mists of time in astrology: how nice it would be if a person could be described with a few words and one or several planets that would represent their character, without having to analyse such elements as rulerships, angularities, houses, etc!

The ten planets - the Sun throughout Pluto - are a bit like ten characters in a role-play, each one has its own personality, its own way of acting, its own strengths and weaknesses. They actually represent a classification into ten distinct personalities, and astrologers have always tried to associate one or several dominant planets to a natal chart as well as dominant signs and houses.

Indeed, it is quite the same situation with signs and houses. If planets symbolize characters, signs represent hues - the mental, emotional and physical structures of an individual. The sign in which a planet is posited is like a character whose features are modified according to the place where he lives. In a chart, there are usually one, two or three highlighted signs that allow to rapidly describe its owner.

Regarding astrological houses, the principle is even simpler: the twelve houses correspond to twelve fields of life, and planets tenanting any given house increase that house's importance and highlight all relevant life departments: it may be marriage, work, friendship etc.

In your natal chart, Philippe Gardent, the ten main planets are distributed as follows:

The three most important planets in your chart are the Sun, the Moon and Mars.

One of the dominant planets in your natal chart is the Sun. He symbolizes will, magnetism, sense of honour and dignity. You are a Solar being, and you often display charismatic and leadership qualities. Your warmth and your persuasive power lead you far away from pettiness. You enjoy thinking big and, consequently, you move forward according to what you decide.

Your Solarian weakness may be related to the sin of pride or to excessive authority. The frontier between pride and vanity is tenuous: be careful not to overstep it and to keep the nobleness of heart that is part of your charm.

The Moon is one of the most important planets in your chart and endows you with a receptive, emotive, and imaginative nature. You have an innate ability to instinctively absorb atmospheres and impressions that nurture you, and as a result, you are often dreaming your life away rather than actually living it.

One of the consequences of your spontaneity may turn into popularity, or even fame: the crowd is a living and complex entity, and it always appreciates truth and sincerity rather than calculation and total self-control.

As a Lunar character, you find it difficult to control yourself, you have to deal with your moods, and you must be careful not to stay passive in front of events: nothing is handed on a plate, and although your sensitivity is rich, even richer than most people's, you must make a move and spare some of your energy for... action!

Mars is one of your dominant planets and provides you with its efficient energy and enthusiasm: with a powerful Mars in your chart, action - but also will and ability to undertake - is not an empty word for you. You are active, dynamic, willing to fight, courageous, and you are never afraid to move mountains, even though risks are part of the adventures that you start with determination.

However, your patience is not always up to your boldness and a kind of feverishness, or even anger, can tarnish the quality of your achievements. That would be a pity since the Marsian is a champion in matters of efficiency! Mars symbolizes display of action, conquering spirit that favours discipline and order - beware of not being fussy - and lies at the frontier between action and brutality, between conquest and potential aggressiveness.

In your natal chart, the three most important signs - according to criteria mentioned above - are in decreasing order of strength Pisces, Aries and Cancer. In general, these signs are important because your Ascendant or your Sun is located there. But this is not always the case: there may be a cluster of planets, or a planet may be near an angle other than the Midheaven or Ascendant. It may also be because two or three planets are considered to be very active because they form numerous aspects from these signs.

Thus, you display some of the three signs' characteristics, a bit like a superposition of features on the rest of your chart, and it is all the more so if the sign is emphasized.

Pisces is among your dominant signs and endows your personality with unlimited sources of emotions, dreams, imagination, and sensitivity, to the extent that you literally swim in a cloudy ocean of delightful impressions. These impressions are so intense and overwhelming that you don't really need to take action concretely, to show your dynamism or your willpower, since you already live so intensely with your feelings - you are as keen as a radar, always on the alert! That is why some people may not like your carelessness, and the lack of clarity in your opinions or actions; however they quickly notice your artistic talents, your poetic or artistic side, and your total lack of wickedness. Besides, you feel compassion for people in pain - empathy is one of your great qualities. Thanks to your flexibility, your intuition, and your generosity, you may spend an important part of your life helping others. And if you are creative or if you have well-known artistic talents, everybody will forgive your little flaws: absent-mindedness, lack of energy or of will, too dreamy temperament...

Arian blood runs through your veins! You have that enthusiasm, frankness, courage, and fastness which usually make you so likeable in spite of your somewhat rough, naive, or violent side. As a bonus, Aries' gushing fire always gives you the impetus to make a fresh start, should you stumble or undergo life hardship!

Cancer is one of your dominant signs and endows you with imagination and exceptionally shrewd sensitivity. Although suspicious at first sight - and even at second...- as soon as you get familiar with people and let them win your confidence, your golden heart eventually shows up, despite your discretion and your desire for security that make you return into your shell at the slightest alert! Actually, you are a poet and if you are sometimes blamed for your nostalgia and your laziness, it is because your intense inner life is at full throttle...

The 9th, 10th and 3rd houses are the most prominent ones in your birth chart. From the analysis of the most tenanted houses, the astrologer identifies your most significant fields or spheres of activity. They deal with what you are experiencing - or what you will be brought to experience one day - or they deal with your inner motivations.

Your 9th house being one of your most tenanted house, or at least emphasized, travels and faraway places play a major role for you: travels may take place in a symbolic sense, namely mind speculations or conceptions about political matters, philosophy, religion or spirituality, or in the literal sense, such as real long distance travels by plane. It may also be that you spend a part of your life far from home, etc. You are driven by some kind of rebelliousness, which urges you to explore the Unknown; it may also be the call of the adventure. Besides, if the rest of your chart concurs, you may be considered as a real draught, often up hill and down dale, constantly on the lookout for exciting discoveries and new, enchanting horizons.

With a prominent 10th house, your destiny's achievement may be very notable: the 10th house represents your career, your public life, and your ambitions. A good deal of your energy may thus be used to successfully implement what you have in mind. Instinctively, you are very keen to make your dreams come true. Sooner or later, you will deal with the public, and your personal achievement will go through trials and ordeals: other people and visible actions.

As the 3rd house is one of the most important houses in your chart, communication plays a major role in your life or in your deep motivations: frequent short trips, open-mindedness - which may offset a lack of mutable signs for instance - listening, discussion, interest in learning, knowledge accumulation or long-term studies, etc., are all areas that greatly appeal to you and are part of your daily life.

After this paragraph about dominant planets, of Philippe Gardent, here are the character traits that you must read more carefully than the previous texts since they are very specific: the texts about dominant planets only give background information about the personality and remain quite general: they emphasize or, on the contrary, mitigate different particularities or facets of a personality. A human being is a complex whole and only bodies of texts can attempt to successfully figure out all the finer points.

The Moon in Aries and in House 10: his sensitivity

D'un tempérament impulsif Philippe Gardent vous recherchez les émotions fortes à vivre dans l'instant car vous n'aimez guère attendre et vous vous lassez vite. Avec vous, il faut que cela aille vite et que cela bouge ! Votre vive imagination vous pousse à toujours plus d'enthousiasme, d'audace et d'indépendance car il vous faut entreprendre et réussir. L'échec ne vous fait pas peur et loin de vous freiner, la rivalité et le combat vous stimulent. Votre sensibilité à fleur de peau vous rend irritable et imprévisible : il est très facile de vous provoquer sans le vouloir, ce qui n'est pas pour faciliter votre vie familiale ou amicale. On peut vous trouver impatient, colérique, capricieux, instable et même agressif et l'on peut quelquefois à juste titre vous reprocher de ne pas tenir assez compte des besoins des personnes de votre entourage. Pourtant, vous pouvez être chaleureux  et prêt à aider et réconforter autrui lorsque vous arrivez à réfréner votre impulsivité. Ne soyez pas donc pas si inquiet de perdre votre identité en écoutant un peu plus les autres...

Votre carrière ou votre accomplissement professionnel, Philippe Gardent, sont les domaines où vos émotions vont pouvoir être abondamment canalisées. Souvent populaire, notamment auprès des femmes, vous avez en vous l'instinct de plaire au public et à la foule. Cette popularité est souvent due à votre côté changeant, léger,... (excerpt)

Mercury in Pisces and in House 9: his intellect and social life

Votre pensée Philippe Gardent fonctionne sur un mode plutôt instinctif et intuitif. Vous "ressentez" peut-être plus que vous ne comprenez, comme si votre raisonnement n'intervenait pas vraiment. Votre grande réceptivité et votre empathie naturelle vous rendent compréhensif, sympathique, chaleureux et bienveillant même si vous paraissez parfois quelque peu négligent, voire même insouciant. Facilement timide et anxieux, vous préférez vous effacer et vous isoler dans un lieu calme pour laisser libre cours à votre inspiration plutôt que de vous imposer. Bien que doté d'une vive imagination vous aurez parfois du mal à émerger du flot de vos pensées mystiques et irrationnelles et pourrez vous montrer encore plus inquiet et impressionnable. Apprenez donc à cultiver l'esprit logique et rationnel ainsi que la volonté, vous y gagnerez en confiance en soi et en créativité, vous verrez...

Votre esprit est vagabond, Philippe Gardent, dans le sens le plus noble du terme : vous vous intéressez au domaine des hautes connaissances, que ce soit dans le domaine moral, spirituel, politique ou religieux. Très tôt, ce qui est loin vous attire, ce qui vous donne une... (excerpt)

Venus in Taurus and in House 10, and the Sun in Pisces: his affectivity and seductiveness

Dans votre thème, le Soleil est en Poissons, Vénus en Taureau. Curieux mais fructueux couple zodiacal que celui associant l'attachement taurien au détachement des Poissons, l'animalité et la sensualité à un univers romanesque et fragile... Pourtant, des affinités évidentes relient les deux Signes en présence. La sélectivité, tout d'abord. A plusieurs titres, vous vous montrez particulièrement intraitable quand aux valeurs qui sont les vôtres. L'adaptabilité n'est pas votre point fort, sans doute ! Toute relation prend d'emblée un caractère passionnel, excessif parfois. Difficile dans ces conditions d'engager à la légère votre existence. Plus que tout, l'ambiance d'un tête-à-tête ou la qualité d'une relation muette et intime détermineront le succès ou l'échec d'un amour. Ce qui est dit compte peu face au ressenti des situations, au confort d'une vie commune. En définitive, l'amour s'impose plus qu'il ne se raisonne. Reste que la Vénus Taureau s'accommode mal d'une remise en cause trop brutale ou d'un changement de cap affectif. Si vous ressentez parfois le désir de connaître de plus subtiles émotions, votre instinct vous retient, vous protège ou vous enferme... Guide ou entrave, ce savant équilibre fait toute la richesse de votre affectivité.

Que de volupté et de charme recèle votre personne, Philippe Gardent ! Vous êtes ce que l'on appelle une "nature" et lorsque la confiance s'est installée, lentement mais sûrement, vous vous attachez profondément à votre partenaire et vous pouvez ainsi être gagné par la passion. Cela mettra des mois, voire des années, mais vous êtes si généreux et si affectueux que dans la plupart des cas votre relation de couple a des chances de s'épanouir avec le temps. Très physique, très sensuel, vous avez à coeur de savourer avec délice vos moments intimes et cet aspect de votre relation amoureuse contribue généralement à cimenter le lien existant. Tout cela semble  idyllique, Philippe Gardent et en effet ce serait le cas si parfois, votre jalousie et votre possessivité ne se mettaient pas en marche en même temps que vos sentiments puissants. Mais vous avez déjà beaucoup trop d'atouts, alors soyez satisfait !

Avec une telle configuration et en l'absence de tensions avec d'autres planètes dans votre thème, vous êtes prédisposé Philippe Gardent, à créer un lien entre votre carrière et le domaine sentimental, même si cela peut prendre différentes formes : vous pouvez ainsi avoir la faveur et l'appui... (excerpt)

The Ascendant is in Cancer and the ruler of the Ascendant is the Moon, in Aries: his behaviour

Psychologiquement, vous êtes d'une nature rêveuse, tournée vers la nostalgie du passé, vers la mère, vers la famille : tout en instinct, tout en protection ou défense de votre être vis-à-vis de l'extérieur, vous possédez une vie intérieure riche, une imagination fertile voire même infinie, une propension à éviter tout risque inutile, à rechercher la sécurité en ne vous  dévoilant que lorsque la confiance est là, une nostalgie du passé pour le sentiment de bien-être qu'il vous rappelle.

Né avec la marque de ce signe, vous êtes émotif, sentimental, paisible, imaginatif, sensible, fidèle, résistant, protecteur, vulnérable, généreux, romantique, tendre, poète, paternel ou maternel, rêveur, indolent, gourmand, dévoué, mais vous pouvez aussi être craintif, irréaliste, fuyant, passif, susceptible, angoissé, dépendant, entêté, lunatique, passéiste, paresseux, pesant, casanier ou hermétique.

L'amour au masculin : pour vous, Philippe Gardent, en amour, vous êtes un tendre, un sensible, plutôt fidèle. Influencé par votre mère, vous recherchez inconsciemment une compagne qui vous apportera autant d'attention et d'affection que vous en receviez dans votre enfance. Casanier mais rêveur, vous vous épanouirez dans votre cocon familial au milieu de la famille que vous aurez créée, rêvant d'aventures et de voyages extraordinaires... que vous réaliserez quand même quelquefois mais surtout dans votre tête.

La tendresse compte pour vous plus que la sexualité même si elle est également un facteur de sécurité et de stabilité. Vous appréciez énormément de redevenir le petit enfant gâté que vous étiez, savourant les petits plats ou recevant les compliments réguliers dont vous avez tant besoin pour vous sentir rassuré.

Vous êtes sans doute à l'abri des drames, des complications de la vie car au moment même où une situation délicate intervient, vous préférez souvent la tuer dans l'oeuf en n'y donnant pas suite ou en rentrant dans votre coquille tranquillement, et en y ressortant quand l'orage est passé.

Votre foyer sera généralement heureux et riche, calme et harmonieux dans la durée.

The ruler of the Ascendant, also referred to as the chart ruler, brings a few interesting nuances to the meanings provided by the Sun and the Ascendant. The sign in which the ruler of the Ascendant is posited fine-tunes the style of personality described by the Sun and the Ascendant. It may strengthen it if the sign is identical to either of them.

The ruler of the Ascendant, Philippe Gardent, is the Moon. It is located in Aries and adds a note of rapidity and impulsiveness into your chart. You have a spontaneous and enterprising side which prompts you to take action quickly and to be a pioneer. However, as a consequence of this refreshing impetuosity, you may get bored quite quickly and move on to something else if you lose your enthusiasm.

The Sun in Pisces and in House 9: his will and inner motivations

Philippe Gardent, vous avez très tôt pris pour vous-même l'adage "Nul n'est prophète en son pays" et cette impression depuis tout petit que vous possédez quelque chose de différent et qui ne pourra pas être parfaitement compris par vos proches et votre environnement natal vous pousse à... (excerpt)

Mars in Pisces and in House 9: his ability to take action

Votre énergie est distillée d'une façon un peu confuse et aléatoire, Philippe Gardent. Ce n'est pas spécialement un handicap mais cela vous empêche un peu de planifier raisonnablement vos actions sur le long terme. Vous êtes un peu fantasque et dispersé, parfois hyperactif et voulant dévorer avec vos grandes dents de requin les obstacles qui se dressent devant vous, mais le plus souvent fuyant tout obstacle par simple facilité et désir de tranquillité. Vous avez horreur de tout affrontement et c'est plus par l'habileté et la souplesse que vous parviendrez à vos fins en vous faufilant adroitement au travers des difficultés que vous rencontrez. Vous possédez  beaucoup d'intuition et d'imagination et ces atouts compensent certainement le manque d'efficacité dont vous faites preuve à cause de votre manque de discipline sur le plan de l'action. Vous êtes de toute façon beaucoup plus efficace si vous travaillez pour une noble cause, en général collective, parfois politique ou spirituelle. Sur le plan sexuel, vous êtes fantasque et inclassable ; vous êtes si changeant et si malléable que finalement, vous pouvez passer d'un extrême à l'autre, généralement en fonction de la personnalité de votre partenaire car votre adaptabilité et votre souplesse sont bien réelles.

Vous pouvez vous donner de toutes vos forces pour votre idéal, Philippe Gardent, qu'il soit de nature politique, religieux, éthique, moral, ou bien de la forme la plus élevée c'est-à-dire spirituel. Et souvent dans plusieurs de ces domaines. Se donner de toutes vos forces signifiera souvent un goût... (excerpt)

Conclusion

This text is only an excerpt from the portrait of of Philippe Gardent, which we hope will inspire you to deepen your knowledge of astrology.

Regarding the sources of the birth data in our possession, kindly note that the pages we publish constitute a starting point for more detailed research, even though they seem useful to us. When the sources are contradictory, which occurs rarely, after having analysed them, we choose the most reliable one. Sometimes, we publish a birth date just because it is made available, but we do not claim that is it the best one, by no means.